Zinc and germanium in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater on Mars indicate hydrothermal enrichment followed by diagenetic fractionation
Zinc and germanium enrichments have been discovered in sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars, by the Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer on the rover Curiosity. Concentrations of Zn (910 ± 840 ppm) and Ge (65 ± 58 ppm) are tens to hundreds of times greater than in Martian meteorites and estimates for...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of geophysical research. Planets 2017-08, Vol.122 (8), p.1747-1772 |
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| creator | Berger, Jeff A. Schmidt, Mariek E. Gellert, Ralf Boyd, Nicholas I. Desouza, Elstan D. Flemming, Roberta L. Izawa, Matthew R. M. Ming, Douglas W. Perrett, Glynis M. Rampe, Elizabeth B. Thompson, Lucy M. VanBommel, Scott J. V. Yen, Albert S. |
| description | Zinc and germanium enrichments have been discovered in sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars, by the Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer on the rover Curiosity. Concentrations of Zn (910 ± 840 ppm) and Ge (65 ± 58 ppm) are tens to hundreds of times greater than in Martian meteorites and estimates for average silicate Mars. Enrichments occur in diverse rocks including minimally to extensively altered basaltic and alkalic sedimentary rocks. The magnitude of the enrichments indicates hydrothermal fluids, but Curiosity has not discovered unambiguous hydrothermal mineral assemblages. We propose that Zn‐ and Ge‐rich hydrothermal deposits in the source region were dispersed in siliciclastic sediments during transport into the crater. Subsequent diagenetic mobilization and fractionation of Zn and Ge is evident in a Zn‐rich sandstone (Windjana; Zn ~4000 ppm, Ge ~85 ppm) and associated Cl‐rich vein (Stephen; Zn ~8000 ppm, Ge ~60 ppm), in Ge‐rich veins (Garden City; Zn ~2200 ppm, Ge ~650 ppm), and in silica‐rich alteration haloes leached of Zn (30–200 ppm). In moderately to highly altered silica‐rich rocks, Ge remained immobile relative to leached elements (Fe, Mn, Mg, and Ca), consistent with fluid interaction at pH ≪ 7. In contrast, crosscutting Ge‐rich veins at Garden City suggest aqueous mobilization as Ge‐F complexes at pH |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/2017JE005290 |
| format | Article |
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Key Points
Zn and Ge concentrations in Gale Crater sedimentary rocks are commonly 10‐100 times greater than the Martian crust
High Zn and Ge indicate hydrothermal deposits in the sediment source region
Veins, alteration haloes, and Zn depleted bedrock indicate Zn and Ge fractionation in diagenetic fluids</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9097</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9100</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/2017JE005290</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Alpha rays ; Bedrock ; Curiosity (Mars rover) ; Diagenesis ; Dispersions ; Enrichment ; Fluids ; fluid‐mobile elements on Mars ; Fractionation ; Gardens & gardening ; Ge enrichment on Mars ; Germanium ; Iron ; Jarosite ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Mars ; Mars craters ; Mars rovers ; Mars sedimentary geochemistry ; Mars surface ; MSL APXS results ; Sandstone ; Sedimentary rocks ; Sediments ; Silica ; Silicon dioxide ; SNC meteorites ; Veins (geology) ; Zinc ; Zn enrichment on Mars</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. Planets, 2017-08, Vol.122 (8), p.1747-1772</ispartof><rights>2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a3964-984aebfb0579a09ed87fcdf59d4dc531da03d57c5d25bd3e6f0ba3da22e2be1e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a3964-984aebfb0579a09ed87fcdf59d4dc531da03d57c5d25bd3e6f0ba3da22e2be1e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6999-0028 ; 0000-0002-6565-0827 ; 0000-0003-0567-8876 ; 0000-0001-7928-834X ; 0000-0003-4793-7899 ; 0000-0002-0380-4683 ; 0000-0002-5444-952X ; 0000-0001-5456-2912 ; 0000-0003-1996-2720</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2F2017JE005290$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2F2017JE005290$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Berger, Jeff A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmidt, Mariek E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gellert, Ralf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyd, Nicholas I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desouza, Elstan D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flemming, Roberta L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Izawa, Matthew R. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ming, Douglas W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perrett, Glynis M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rampe, Elizabeth B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Lucy M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VanBommel, Scott J. V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yen, Albert S.</creatorcontrib><title>Zinc and germanium in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater on Mars indicate hydrothermal enrichment followed by diagenetic fractionation</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</title><description>Zinc and germanium enrichments have been discovered in sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars, by the Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer on the rover Curiosity. Concentrations of Zn (910 ± 840 ppm) and Ge (65 ± 58 ppm) are tens to hundreds of times greater than in Martian meteorites and estimates for average silicate Mars. Enrichments occur in diverse rocks including minimally to extensively altered basaltic and alkalic sedimentary rocks. The magnitude of the enrichments indicates hydrothermal fluids, but Curiosity has not discovered unambiguous hydrothermal mineral assemblages. We propose that Zn‐ and Ge‐rich hydrothermal deposits in the source region were dispersed in siliciclastic sediments during transport into the crater. Subsequent diagenetic mobilization and fractionation of Zn and Ge is evident in a Zn‐rich sandstone (Windjana; Zn ~4000 ppm, Ge ~85 ppm) and associated Cl‐rich vein (Stephen; Zn ~8000 ppm, Ge ~60 ppm), in Ge‐rich veins (Garden City; Zn ~2200 ppm, Ge ~650 ppm), and in silica‐rich alteration haloes leached of Zn (30–200 ppm). In moderately to highly altered silica‐rich rocks, Ge remained immobile relative to leached elements (Fe, Mn, Mg, and Ca), consistent with fluid interaction at pH ≪ 7. In contrast, crosscutting Ge‐rich veins at Garden City suggest aqueous mobilization as Ge‐F complexes at pH < 2.5. Multiple jarosite detections by the CheMin X‐ray diffractometer and variable Zn concentrations indicate diagenesis of lower Mount Sharp bedrock under acidic conditions. The enrichment and fractionation of Zn and Ge constrains fluid events affecting Gale sediments and can aid in unraveling fluid histories as Curiosity's traverse continues.
Key Points
Zn and Ge concentrations in Gale Crater sedimentary rocks are commonly 10‐100 times greater than the Martian crust
High Zn and Ge indicate hydrothermal deposits in the sediment source region
Veins, alteration haloes, and Zn depleted bedrock indicate Zn and Ge fractionation in diagenetic fluids</description><subject>Alpha rays</subject><subject>Bedrock</subject><subject>Curiosity (Mars rover)</subject><subject>Diagenesis</subject><subject>Dispersions</subject><subject>Enrichment</subject><subject>Fluids</subject><subject>fluid‐mobile elements on Mars</subject><subject>Fractionation</subject><subject>Gardens & gardening</subject><subject>Ge enrichment on Mars</subject><subject>Germanium</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Jarosite</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Manganese</subject><subject>Mars</subject><subject>Mars craters</subject><subject>Mars rovers</subject><subject>Mars sedimentary geochemistry</subject><subject>Mars surface</subject><subject>MSL APXS results</subject><subject>Sandstone</subject><subject>Sedimentary rocks</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Silica</subject><subject>Silicon dioxide</subject><subject>SNC meteorites</subject><subject>Veins (geology)</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><subject>Zn enrichment on Mars</subject><issn>2169-9097</issn><issn>2169-9100</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM9KAzEQxhdRsNTefIABr67mz263OUqp1VIRRC9elmwyaVO3SU22lL6Bj21KFTw5h5lh5jffwJdll5TcUELYLSO0mk0IKZkgJ1mP0aHIRdqc_vZEVOfZIMYVSTFKI8p72de7dQqk07DAsJbObtdgHXRLhIjartF1MuwhePURwRuYyhZhHGSHAbyDJxli4rVVaQLLvQ4-nSahFtAFq5YHATC-bf0ONTR70FYu0GFnFZggVWe9k4d0kZ0Z2UYc_NR-9nY_eR0_5PPn6eP4bp5LLoZFLkaFxMY0pKyEJAL1qDJKm1LoQquSUy0J12WlSs3KRnMcGtJIriVjyBqkyPvZ1VF3E_znFmNXr_w2uPSypoIPR0VZFCJR10dKBR9jQFNvgl0nJ2pK6oPd9V-7E86P-M62uP-XrWfTlwkjFS34N4_fg-s</recordid><startdate>201708</startdate><enddate>201708</enddate><creator>Berger, Jeff A.</creator><creator>Schmidt, Mariek E.</creator><creator>Gellert, Ralf</creator><creator>Boyd, Nicholas I.</creator><creator>Desouza, Elstan D.</creator><creator>Flemming, Roberta L.</creator><creator>Izawa, Matthew R. M.</creator><creator>Ming, Douglas W.</creator><creator>Perrett, Glynis M.</creator><creator>Rampe, Elizabeth B.</creator><creator>Thompson, Lucy M.</creator><creator>VanBommel, Scott J. V.</creator><creator>Yen, Albert S.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-0028</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6565-0827</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-8876</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-834X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4793-7899</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0380-4683</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-952X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-2912</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-2720</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201708</creationdate><title>Zinc and germanium in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater on Mars indicate hydrothermal enrichment followed by diagenetic fractionation</title><author>Berger, Jeff A. ; Schmidt, Mariek E. ; Gellert, Ralf ; Boyd, Nicholas I. ; Desouza, Elstan D. ; Flemming, Roberta L. ; Izawa, Matthew R. M. ; Ming, Douglas W. ; Perrett, Glynis M. ; Rampe, Elizabeth B. ; Thompson, Lucy M. ; VanBommel, Scott J. V. ; Yen, Albert S.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a3964-984aebfb0579a09ed87fcdf59d4dc531da03d57c5d25bd3e6f0ba3da22e2be1e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Alpha rays</topic><topic>Bedrock</topic><topic>Curiosity (Mars rover)</topic><topic>Diagenesis</topic><topic>Dispersions</topic><topic>Enrichment</topic><topic>Fluids</topic><topic>fluid‐mobile elements on Mars</topic><topic>Fractionation</topic><topic>Gardens & gardening</topic><topic>Ge enrichment on Mars</topic><topic>Germanium</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Jarosite</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Manganese</topic><topic>Mars</topic><topic>Mars craters</topic><topic>Mars rovers</topic><topic>Mars sedimentary geochemistry</topic><topic>Mars surface</topic><topic>MSL APXS results</topic><topic>Sandstone</topic><topic>Sedimentary rocks</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Silica</topic><topic>Silicon dioxide</topic><topic>SNC meteorites</topic><topic>Veins (geology)</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><topic>Zn enrichment on Mars</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Berger, Jeff A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schmidt, Mariek E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gellert, Ralf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boyd, Nicholas I.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Desouza, Elstan D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flemming, Roberta L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Izawa, Matthew R. M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ming, Douglas W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Perrett, Glynis M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rampe, Elizabeth B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Lucy M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VanBommel, Scott J. V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yen, Albert S.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Berger, Jeff A.</au><au>Schmidt, Mariek E.</au><au>Gellert, Ralf</au><au>Boyd, Nicholas I.</au><au>Desouza, Elstan D.</au><au>Flemming, Roberta L.</au><au>Izawa, Matthew R. M.</au><au>Ming, Douglas W.</au><au>Perrett, Glynis M.</au><au>Rampe, Elizabeth B.</au><au>Thompson, Lucy M.</au><au>VanBommel, Scott J. V.</au><au>Yen, Albert S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Zinc and germanium in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater on Mars indicate hydrothermal enrichment followed by diagenetic fractionation</atitle><jtitle>Journal of geophysical research. Planets</jtitle><date>2017-08</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>122</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1747</spage><epage>1772</epage><pages>1747-1772</pages><issn>2169-9097</issn><eissn>2169-9100</eissn><abstract>Zinc and germanium enrichments have been discovered in sedimentary rocks in Gale Crater, Mars, by the Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer on the rover Curiosity. Concentrations of Zn (910 ± 840 ppm) and Ge (65 ± 58 ppm) are tens to hundreds of times greater than in Martian meteorites and estimates for average silicate Mars. Enrichments occur in diverse rocks including minimally to extensively altered basaltic and alkalic sedimentary rocks. The magnitude of the enrichments indicates hydrothermal fluids, but Curiosity has not discovered unambiguous hydrothermal mineral assemblages. We propose that Zn‐ and Ge‐rich hydrothermal deposits in the source region were dispersed in siliciclastic sediments during transport into the crater. Subsequent diagenetic mobilization and fractionation of Zn and Ge is evident in a Zn‐rich sandstone (Windjana; Zn ~4000 ppm, Ge ~85 ppm) and associated Cl‐rich vein (Stephen; Zn ~8000 ppm, Ge ~60 ppm), in Ge‐rich veins (Garden City; Zn ~2200 ppm, Ge ~650 ppm), and in silica‐rich alteration haloes leached of Zn (30–200 ppm). In moderately to highly altered silica‐rich rocks, Ge remained immobile relative to leached elements (Fe, Mn, Mg, and Ca), consistent with fluid interaction at pH ≪ 7. In contrast, crosscutting Ge‐rich veins at Garden City suggest aqueous mobilization as Ge‐F complexes at pH < 2.5. Multiple jarosite detections by the CheMin X‐ray diffractometer and variable Zn concentrations indicate diagenesis of lower Mount Sharp bedrock under acidic conditions. The enrichment and fractionation of Zn and Ge constrains fluid events affecting Gale sediments and can aid in unraveling fluid histories as Curiosity's traverse continues.
Key Points
Zn and Ge concentrations in Gale Crater sedimentary rocks are commonly 10‐100 times greater than the Martian crust
High Zn and Ge indicate hydrothermal deposits in the sediment source region
Veins, alteration haloes, and Zn depleted bedrock indicate Zn and Ge fractionation in diagenetic fluids</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1002/2017JE005290</doi><tpages>26</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-0028</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6565-0827</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-8876</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-834X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4793-7899</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0380-4683</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-952X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-2912</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1996-2720</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of geophysical research. Planets, 2017-08, Vol.122 (8), p.1747-1772 |
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| subjects | Alpha rays Bedrock Curiosity (Mars rover) Diagenesis Dispersions Enrichment Fluids fluid‐mobile elements on Mars Fractionation Gardens & gardening Ge enrichment on Mars Germanium Iron Jarosite Magnesium Manganese Mars Mars craters Mars rovers Mars sedimentary geochemistry Mars surface MSL APXS results Sandstone Sedimentary rocks Sediments Silica Silicon dioxide SNC meteorites Veins (geology) Zinc Zn enrichment on Mars |
| title | Zinc and germanium in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater on Mars indicate hydrothermal enrichment followed by diagenetic fractionation |
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