Regulation as a barrier to market provision and to innovation: the case of toll roads and steam carriages in England

The turnpike system of toll roads in England peaked around 1830, with 1,116 turnpike trusts operating 22,000 miles of roads. It declined thereafter; the last turnpike trust shut down in 1895. William Albert, author of The Turnpike Road System in England, 1663-1840, contends that private enterprise d...

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