Introduction

Marxist-Leninist policy supported the abolition of private property and an education that taught citizens to abide by a disciplined and self-fulfilling lifestyle dictated by the social norms of a socialist regime; by these means, a new social order would be established (Pons & Service, 2012). Governments modeled on Soviet communism took power with Soviet assistance in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Albania, and Yugoslavia. Because communism viewed Western democracies and their capitalist economies as a threat, East-West rivalry peaked during the cold war as the world's two remaining superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, polarized most of the world into two camps.