Effects of temperature on infection and subsequent development of clubroot under controlled conditions

Controlled‐environment studies were conducted on two Brassica crops (canola, Brassica napus; and Shanghai pak choi, B. rapa subsp. chinensis var. communis) to examine the effects of temperature on infection and subsequent development of clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. In the first experiment, canola seedlings were grown in infested soil for 3 weeks at 14–26°C to assess the impact on primary and secondary infection and transferred to 20°C for 3 weeks to assess symptom development under uniform conditions, or started at 20°C for 3 weeks and then placed at the treatment temperatures for the final 3 weeks to assess the impact of temperature on symptom development. A second experiment examined a wider range of temperatures (10–30°C). Similar experiments were also conducted on Shanghai pak choi. The studies demonstrated that clubroot severity was affected by temperature during both infection and vegetative development of the crop. Both early and late in crop development, little or no clubroot developed at temperatures at or below 17°C, and development was slower above 26°C than at 23–26°C for both crops throughout the study. In canola, the high levels of inoculum used in the study resulted in a high incidence of clubroot irrespective of temperature, but in pak choi incidence showed the same pattern as severity. This is the first study to demonstrate under controlled conditions that temperature during vegetative growth of the crop affects symptom development of clubroot.