Direct observation of Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell absorber material using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy
ABSTRACT Chemical analysis of individual atom columns was carried out to determine the crystal structure and local point defect chemistry of Cu2ZnSnS4. Direct evidence for a nanoscale composition inhomogeneity, in the form of Zn enrichment and Cu depletion, was obtained. The lateral size of the comp...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Progress in photovoltaics 2014-01, Vol.22 (1), p.24-34 |
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| creator | Mendis, Budhika G. Shannon, Mervyn D Goodman, Max CJ Major, Jon D Claridge, Richard Halliday, Douglas P. Durose, Ken |
| description | ABSTRACT
Chemical analysis of individual atom columns was carried out to determine the crystal structure and local point defect chemistry of Cu2ZnSnS4. Direct evidence for a nanoscale composition inhomogeneity, in the form of Zn enrichment and Cu depletion, was obtained. The lateral size of the composition inhomogeneity was estimated to be between ~1.5 and 5 nm. Photoluminescence confirmed the presence of a broad donor–acceptor transition consistent with the observed cation disorder. Areas of relatively high concentration of ZnCu+ antisite atom donors locally increases the electrostatic potential and gives rise to band bending. Troughs in the conduction band and peaks in the valence band are ‘potential wells’ for electrons and holes, respectively. For a solar cell, these prevent minority carrier electrons from diffusing towards the edge of the space charge region, thereby reducing the carrier separation efficiency as well as reducing the carrier collection efficiency of majority carrier holes. Furthermore, electrons and holes ‘trapped’ within potential wells in close proximity have a high probability of recombining, so that the carrier lifetime is also reduced. High quality Cu2ZnSnS4 crystals free from composition inhomogeneities are therefore required for achieving high efficiency solar cell devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 by measuring the composition of individual atom columns. A nanoscale composition inhomogeneity is observed with a high concentration of ZnCu+ donors. The spatially fluctuating electrostatic potential gives rise to potential wells in the electronic band structure. Deep potential wells reduce the carrier separation and collection efficiencies of solar cells. Chemically homogeneous Cu2ZnSnS4 material is therefore required for producing high‐efficiency devices. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/pip.2279 |
| format | Article |
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Chemical analysis of individual atom columns was carried out to determine the crystal structure and local point defect chemistry of Cu2ZnSnS4. Direct evidence for a nanoscale composition inhomogeneity, in the form of Zn enrichment and Cu depletion, was obtained. The lateral size of the composition inhomogeneity was estimated to be between ~1.5 and 5 nm. Photoluminescence confirmed the presence of a broad donor–acceptor transition consistent with the observed cation disorder. Areas of relatively high concentration of ZnCu+ antisite atom donors locally increases the electrostatic potential and gives rise to band bending. Troughs in the conduction band and peaks in the valence band are ‘potential wells’ for electrons and holes, respectively. For a solar cell, these prevent minority carrier electrons from diffusing towards the edge of the space charge region, thereby reducing the carrier separation efficiency as well as reducing the carrier collection efficiency of majority carrier holes. Furthermore, electrons and holes ‘trapped’ within potential wells in close proximity have a high probability of recombining, so that the carrier lifetime is also reduced. High quality Cu2ZnSnS4 crystals free from composition inhomogeneities are therefore required for achieving high efficiency solar cell devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 by measuring the composition of individual atom columns. A nanoscale composition inhomogeneity is observed with a high concentration of ZnCu+ donors. The spatially fluctuating electrostatic potential gives rise to potential wells in the electronic band structure. Deep potential wells reduce the carrier separation and collection efficiencies of solar cells. Chemically homogeneous Cu2ZnSnS4 material is therefore required for producing high‐efficiency devices.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1062-7995</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1099-159X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/pip.2279</identifier><identifier>CODEN: PPHOED</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Bognor Regis: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>adamantine compounds ; Applied sciences ; CZTS ; donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination ; Energy ; Exact sciences and technology ; Natural energy ; Photovoltaic conversion ; point defects ; Solar cells. Photoelectrochemical cells ; Solar collectors ; Solar energy ; solar energy materials ; Solar thermal conversion</subject><ispartof>Progress in photovoltaics, 2014-01, Vol.22 (1), p.24-34</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><rights>2015 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fpip.2279$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fpip.2279$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28045934$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mendis, Budhika G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shannon, Mervyn D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goodman, Max CJ</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Major, Jon D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Claridge, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halliday, Douglas P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Durose, Ken</creatorcontrib><title>Direct observation of Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell absorber material using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy</title><title>Progress in photovoltaics</title><addtitle>Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl</addtitle><description>ABSTRACT
Chemical analysis of individual atom columns was carried out to determine the crystal structure and local point defect chemistry of Cu2ZnSnS4. Direct evidence for a nanoscale composition inhomogeneity, in the form of Zn enrichment and Cu depletion, was obtained. The lateral size of the composition inhomogeneity was estimated to be between ~1.5 and 5 nm. Photoluminescence confirmed the presence of a broad donor–acceptor transition consistent with the observed cation disorder. Areas of relatively high concentration of ZnCu+ antisite atom donors locally increases the electrostatic potential and gives rise to band bending. Troughs in the conduction band and peaks in the valence band are ‘potential wells’ for electrons and holes, respectively. For a solar cell, these prevent minority carrier electrons from diffusing towards the edge of the space charge region, thereby reducing the carrier separation efficiency as well as reducing the carrier collection efficiency of majority carrier holes. Furthermore, electrons and holes ‘trapped’ within potential wells in close proximity have a high probability of recombining, so that the carrier lifetime is also reduced. High quality Cu2ZnSnS4 crystals free from composition inhomogeneities are therefore required for achieving high efficiency solar cell devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 by measuring the composition of individual atom columns. A nanoscale composition inhomogeneity is observed with a high concentration of ZnCu+ donors. The spatially fluctuating electrostatic potential gives rise to potential wells in the electronic band structure. Deep potential wells reduce the carrier separation and collection efficiencies of solar cells. Chemically homogeneous Cu2ZnSnS4 material is therefore required for producing high‐efficiency devices.</description><subject>adamantine compounds</subject><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>CZTS</subject><subject>donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>Natural energy</subject><subject>Photovoltaic conversion</subject><subject>point defects</subject><subject>Solar cells. Photoelectrochemical cells</subject><subject>Solar collectors</subject><subject>Solar energy</subject><subject>solar energy materials</subject><subject>Solar thermal conversion</subject><issn>1062-7995</issn><issn>1099-159X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpFkd1O3DAQhaMKpPIn8QiWqt4R6r_E9mVZCl0JwaqAQNxYjuMg06ydjrOUfZa-bB3tCq7OaM6nGXtOURwTfEowpt8GP5xSKtSnYo9gpUpSqcedqa5pKZSqPhf7Kb1gTIRU9V7x79yDsyOKTXLwakYfA4odmq1O0FNAdtNofYrQOkA-ZIc-hdtwy1GKvQFkXd8j02SgycDSjA686dEq-fCc-w5gM8NGmBa5FiVrQpjcEUxIS5_S5Ls-u5CLpbcQk43D-rDY7Uyf3NFWD4r7ix93s5_l1c3lfPb9qnxmNVYlbzqpJGs4UY10FW8Vo4K3jkuXD1HbOktlpcGNkJx2whhbNzLfinWGGUfZQfFlM3eA-Gfl0qhf4gpCXqkJryWphKIT9XVLmfyDvsuPtz7pAfzSwFpTiXmlGM9cueH--t6t332C9ZSPzvnoKR-9mC8m_eB9Gt3bO2_gt64FE5V-uL7Ui1_nBD-c3WnB_gMJ4ZZ-</recordid><startdate>201401</startdate><enddate>201401</enddate><creator>Mendis, Budhika G.</creator><creator>Shannon, Mervyn D</creator><creator>Goodman, Max CJ</creator><creator>Major, Jon D</creator><creator>Claridge, Richard</creator><creator>Halliday, Douglas P.</creator><creator>Durose, Ken</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>L7M</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201401</creationdate><title>Direct observation of Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell absorber material using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy</title><author>Mendis, Budhika G. ; Shannon, Mervyn D ; Goodman, Max CJ ; Major, Jon D ; Claridge, Richard ; Halliday, Douglas P. ; Durose, Ken</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-g3609-4bf8983b419b8e54d93274de48e2276c6e225c8a0b7842f7aac6b80023fa3ae23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>adamantine compounds</topic><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>CZTS</topic><topic>donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination</topic><topic>Energy</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>Natural energy</topic><topic>Photovoltaic conversion</topic><topic>point defects</topic><topic>Solar cells. Photoelectrochemical cells</topic><topic>Solar collectors</topic><topic>Solar energy</topic><topic>solar energy materials</topic><topic>Solar thermal conversion</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mendis, Budhika G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shannon, Mervyn D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goodman, Max CJ</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Major, Jon D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Claridge, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halliday, Douglas P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Durose, Ken</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Progress in photovoltaics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mendis, Budhika G.</au><au>Shannon, Mervyn D</au><au>Goodman, Max CJ</au><au>Major, Jon D</au><au>Claridge, Richard</au><au>Halliday, Douglas P.</au><au>Durose, Ken</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Direct observation of Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell absorber material using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy</atitle><jtitle>Progress in photovoltaics</jtitle><addtitle>Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl</addtitle><date>2014-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>24</spage><epage>34</epage><pages>24-34</pages><issn>1062-7995</issn><eissn>1099-159X</eissn><coden>PPHOED</coden><abstract>ABSTRACT
Chemical analysis of individual atom columns was carried out to determine the crystal structure and local point defect chemistry of Cu2ZnSnS4. Direct evidence for a nanoscale composition inhomogeneity, in the form of Zn enrichment and Cu depletion, was obtained. The lateral size of the composition inhomogeneity was estimated to be between ~1.5 and 5 nm. Photoluminescence confirmed the presence of a broad donor–acceptor transition consistent with the observed cation disorder. Areas of relatively high concentration of ZnCu+ antisite atom donors locally increases the electrostatic potential and gives rise to band bending. Troughs in the conduction band and peaks in the valence band are ‘potential wells’ for electrons and holes, respectively. For a solar cell, these prevent minority carrier electrons from diffusing towards the edge of the space charge region, thereby reducing the carrier separation efficiency as well as reducing the carrier collection efficiency of majority carrier holes. Furthermore, electrons and holes ‘trapped’ within potential wells in close proximity have a high probability of recombining, so that the carrier lifetime is also reduced. High quality Cu2ZnSnS4 crystals free from composition inhomogeneities are therefore required for achieving high efficiency solar cell devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 by measuring the composition of individual atom columns. A nanoscale composition inhomogeneity is observed with a high concentration of ZnCu+ donors. The spatially fluctuating electrostatic potential gives rise to potential wells in the electronic band structure. Deep potential wells reduce the carrier separation and collection efficiencies of solar cells. Chemically homogeneous Cu2ZnSnS4 material is therefore required for producing high‐efficiency devices.</abstract><cop>Bognor Regis</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><doi>10.1002/pip.2279</doi><tpages>11</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | adamantine compounds Applied sciences CZTS donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination Energy Exact sciences and technology Natural energy Photovoltaic conversion point defects Solar cells. Photoelectrochemical cells Solar collectors Solar energy solar energy materials Solar thermal conversion |
| title | Direct observation of Cu, Zn cation disorder in Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cell absorber material using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy |
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