Placental nutrient transport is affected by pregnancy rank in sheep1

Understanding the link between placental function and fetal growth is critical to comprehend the mechanisms underlying altered fetal growth. This study investigated the relationship between fetal weight and placentome type and size in placentae of singleton and twin fetuses and fetuses within a twin pair from ad libitum-fed ewes at d 140 of pregnancy. In addition, insulin, IGF-I, metabolites, and free AA profiles in fetal, umbilical artery, and vein plasma of singleton and twin fetuses were investigated and used as an indicator of placental nutrient transport. Individual placentae per fetus were dissected, placentomes were classed per type (A to D) and size (light to heavy), and placentome number and individual weight were recorded. Twin fetuses were 16% lighter (P = 0.01) than singletons and had a smaller placenta, with 28% decreased placentome weight (P = 0.03) and 35% fewer placentomes (P = 0.001). Twins also had a different distribution of placentome type and size compared with placentae of singletons, such that twins showed a greater proportion of type B and light placentomes compared with singletons. In twins, umbilical artery plasma had less Glu (P < 0.05) and greater Gln (P < 0.05) concentrations than fetal plasma or umbilical vein plasma, but no differences in AA concentrations were observed between these pools in singletons. Glutamate is a major oxidation energy source for the placenta, and the fetal liver is the net producer of Glu using Gln as its main precursor, indicating that the functionality of the fetoplacental unit may be different between singletons and twins. Twin fetuses had 13% less insulin (P = 0.04) concentrations in umbilical artery plasma than singletons. Plasma of twin fetuses had 39% less IGF-I (P = 0.003), 33% less His (P = 0.03), and 22% less Gln (P = 0.02) concentrations and tended to have 44% less Arg (P = 0.07) and 20% less Leu (P = 0.06) concentrations than singletons. Arginine, His, and Leu are examples of AA that can promote insulin secretion, and in turn, insulin can increase fetal IGF-I concentrations. In addition, insulin and IGF-I are important fetal growth factors by stimulating and regulating AA transport across the placenta. Collectively, these results indicate that the functionality of the fetoplacental unit may be different between singletons and twins and that AA transport may be reduced in twin placentae. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]