Bacterial Flora and Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Frozen Cultured Seafood Imported to Denmark
Intensified aquaculture includes the use of antimicrobials for disease control. In contrast to the situation in livestock, Escherichia coli and enterococci are not part of the normal gastrointestinal flora of fish and shrimp and therefore not suitable indicators of antimicrobial resistance in seafoo...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of food protection 2013-03, Vol.76 (3), p.490-499 |
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| creator | Noor Uddin, Gazi M Larsen, Marianne Halberg Guardabassi, Luca Dalsgaard, Anders |
| description | Intensified aquaculture includes the use of antimicrobials for disease control. In contrast to the situation in livestock, Escherichia coli and enterococci are not part of the normal gastrointestinal flora of fish and shrimp and therefore not suitable indicators of antimicrobial resistance in seafood. In this study, the diversity and phenotypic characteristics of the bacterial flora in raw frozen cultured and wild-caught shrimp and fish were evaluated to identify potential indicators of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial flora cultured on various agar media at different temperatures yielded total viable counts of 4.0 × 10(4) to 3.0 × 10(5) CFU g-1. Bacterial diversity was indicated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of 84 isolates representing different colony types; 24 genera and 51 species were identified. Pseudomonas spp. (23% of isolates), Psychrobacter spp. (17%), Serratia spp. (13%), Exiguobacterium spp. (7%), Staphylococcus spp. (6%), and Micrococcus spp. (6%) dominated. Disk susceptibility testing of 39 bacterial isolates to 11 antimicrobials revealed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, and third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found in Pseudomonas, a genus naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics, and in Staphylococcus hominis. Half of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Results indicate that identification of a single bacterial resistance indicator naturally present in seafood at point of harvest is unlikely. The bacterial flora found likely represents a processing rather than a raw fish flora because of repeated exposure of raw material to water during processing. Methods and appropriate indicators, such as quantitative PCR of resistance genes, are needed to determine how antimicrobials used in aquaculture affect resistance of bacteria in retailed products. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-402 |
| format | Article |
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In contrast to the situation in livestock, Escherichia coli and enterococci are not part of the normal gastrointestinal flora of fish and shrimp and therefore not suitable indicators of antimicrobial resistance in seafood. In this study, the diversity and phenotypic characteristics of the bacterial flora in raw frozen cultured and wild-caught shrimp and fish were evaluated to identify potential indicators of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial flora cultured on various agar media at different temperatures yielded total viable counts of 4.0 × 10(4) to 3.0 × 10(5) CFU g-1. Bacterial diversity was indicated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of 84 isolates representing different colony types; 24 genera and 51 species were identified. Pseudomonas spp. (23% of isolates), Psychrobacter spp. (17%), Serratia spp. (13%), Exiguobacterium spp. (7%), Staphylococcus spp. (6%), and Micrococcus spp. (6%) dominated. Disk susceptibility testing of 39 bacterial isolates to 11 antimicrobials revealed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, and third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found in Pseudomonas, a genus naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics, and in Staphylococcus hominis. Half of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Results indicate that identification of a single bacterial resistance indicator naturally present in seafood at point of harvest is unlikely. The bacterial flora found likely represents a processing rather than a raw fish flora because of repeated exposure of raw material to water during processing. Methods and appropriate indicators, such as quantitative PCR of resistance genes, are needed to determine how antimicrobials used in aquaculture affect resistance of bacteria in retailed products.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0362-028X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-9097</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-402</identifier><identifier>PMID: 23462087</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JFPRDR</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Des Moines, IA: International Association for Food Protection</publisher><subject>agar ; ampicillin ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology ; antibiotic resistance ; Antibiotics ; Antimicrobial agents ; Aquaculture ; Bacteria ; Bacteria - drug effects ; Bacteria - growth & development ; Biological and medical sciences ; cephalosporins ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Consumer Product Safety ; Consumption ; Denmark ; Disease control ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug resistance ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; E coli ; Enterococcus ; erythromycin ; Escherichia coli ; Exiguobacterium ; Feces ; Fish ; Fish and seafood industries ; Fishes - microbiology ; Flora ; Food Handling - methods ; Food industries ; Food microbiology ; Food safety ; Frozen Foods - analysis ; Frozen Foods - microbiology ; Frozen Foods - standards ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; gastrointestinal system ; genes ; Humans ; Livestock ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Micrococcus ; Morphology ; nucleotide sequences ; Pathogens ; Pseudomonas ; Psychrobacter ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; raw fish ; raw materials ; ribosomal RNA ; Seafood ; Seafood - analysis ; Seafood - microbiology ; Seafood - standards ; sequence analysis ; Serratia ; Shellfish ; shrimp ; Staphylococcus hominis ; temperature ; Yeast</subject><ispartof>Journal of food protection, 2013-03, Vol.76 (3), p.490-499</ispartof><rights>2014 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Allen Press Publishing Services Mar 2013</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-3d34542dadabae7e7597a3727b5da8370e99422a51b8163a7205eca87b7d305f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-3d34542dadabae7e7597a3727b5da8370e99422a51b8163a7205eca87b7d305f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/1316602139?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,64385,64389,72469</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27058379$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462087$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Noor Uddin, Gazi M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Larsen, Marianne Halberg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guardabassi, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dalsgaard, Anders</creatorcontrib><title>Bacterial Flora and Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Frozen Cultured Seafood Imported to Denmark</title><title>Journal of food protection</title><addtitle>J Food Prot</addtitle><description>Intensified aquaculture includes the use of antimicrobials for disease control. In contrast to the situation in livestock, Escherichia coli and enterococci are not part of the normal gastrointestinal flora of fish and shrimp and therefore not suitable indicators of antimicrobial resistance in seafood. In this study, the diversity and phenotypic characteristics of the bacterial flora in raw frozen cultured and wild-caught shrimp and fish were evaluated to identify potential indicators of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial flora cultured on various agar media at different temperatures yielded total viable counts of 4.0 × 10(4) to 3.0 × 10(5) CFU g-1. Bacterial diversity was indicated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of 84 isolates representing different colony types; 24 genera and 51 species were identified. Pseudomonas spp. (23% of isolates), Psychrobacter spp. (17%), Serratia spp. (13%), Exiguobacterium spp. (7%), Staphylococcus spp. (6%), and Micrococcus spp. (6%) dominated. Disk susceptibility testing of 39 bacterial isolates to 11 antimicrobials revealed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, and third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found in Pseudomonas, a genus naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics, and in Staphylococcus hominis. Half of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Results indicate that identification of a single bacterial resistance indicator naturally present in seafood at point of harvest is unlikely. The bacterial flora found likely represents a processing rather than a raw fish flora because of repeated exposure of raw material to water during processing. Methods and appropriate indicators, such as quantitative PCR of resistance genes, are needed to determine how antimicrobials used in aquaculture affect resistance of bacteria in retailed products.</description><subject>agar</subject><subject>ampicillin</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>antibiotic resistance</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Aquaculture</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bacteria - drug effects</subject><subject>Bacteria - growth & development</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>cephalosporins</subject><subject>Colony Count, Microbial</subject><subject>Consumer Product Safety</subject><subject>Consumption</subject><subject>Denmark</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics</subject><subject>Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Enterococcus</subject><subject>erythromycin</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Exiguobacterium</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Fish and seafood industries</subject><subject>Fishes - microbiology</subject><subject>Flora</subject><subject>Food Handling - methods</subject><subject>Food industries</subject><subject>Food microbiology</subject><subject>Food safety</subject><subject>Frozen Foods - analysis</subject><subject>Frozen Foods - microbiology</subject><subject>Frozen Foods - standards</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>gastrointestinal system</subject><subject>genes</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Livestock</subject><subject>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</subject><subject>Micrococcus</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>nucleotide sequences</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Pseudomonas</subject><subject>Psychrobacter</subject><subject>quantitative polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>raw fish</subject><subject>raw materials</subject><subject>ribosomal RNA</subject><subject>Seafood</subject><subject>Seafood - analysis</subject><subject>Seafood - microbiology</subject><subject>Seafood - standards</subject><subject>sequence analysis</subject><subject>Serratia</subject><subject>Shellfish</subject><subject>shrimp</subject><subject>Staphylococcus hominis</subject><subject>temperature</subject><subject>Yeast</subject><issn>0362-028X</issn><issn>1944-9097</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2013</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNpFkFtP3DAQRi3UChboP0DFUtXHwPgWx490222pkEBQJN6sSexUgWy8tROh9tfjaBf6NNLofHM5hJwwOJOCqXMQJS-AVw9nP1c3BeOFBL5HFsxIWRgw-h1ZvCEH5DClRwDghpf75IALWXKo9ILYL9iMPnbY01UfIlIcHL0Yxm7dNTHUc__Wpy6NODSedgO9xWe6iuGfH-hy6scpekfvPLYhOHq53oQ45sYY6Fc_rDE-HZP3LfbJf9jVI3K_-vZr-aO4uv5-uby4Khop1FgIJ6SS3KHDGr32WhmNQnNdK4eV0OCNkZyjYnXFSoGag_INVrrWToBqxRH5tJ27ieHP5NNoH8MUh7zSMsHKEjgTJlNyS-XfUoq-tZvY5TP_WgZ2tmpnZXZWZrNVy7jNVnPs4274VK-9ewu9aszA5x2AqcG-jdlWl_5zGlR-Yt5_uuVaDBZ_x8zc33FgEoBxY4wQL-9siH8</recordid><startdate>20130301</startdate><enddate>20130301</enddate><creator>Noor Uddin, Gazi M</creator><creator>Larsen, Marianne Halberg</creator><creator>Guardabassi, Luca</creator><creator>Dalsgaard, Anders</creator><general>International Association for Food Protection</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>FBQ</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RQ</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>883</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>M0F</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20130301</creationdate><title>Bacterial Flora and Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Frozen Cultured Seafood Imported to Denmark</title><author>Noor Uddin, Gazi M ; Larsen, Marianne Halberg ; Guardabassi, Luca ; Dalsgaard, Anders</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c435t-3d34542dadabae7e7597a3727b5da8370e99422a51b8163a7205eca87b7d305f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2013</creationdate><topic>agar</topic><topic>ampicillin</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>antibiotic resistance</topic><topic>Antibiotics</topic><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Aquaculture</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bacteria - drug effects</topic><topic>Bacteria - growth & development</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>cephalosporins</topic><topic>Colony Count, Microbial</topic><topic>Consumer Product Safety</topic><topic>Consumption</topic><topic>Denmark</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Drug resistance</topic><topic>Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics</topic><topic>Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>Enterococcus</topic><topic>erythromycin</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Exiguobacterium</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>Fish and seafood industries</topic><topic>Fishes - microbiology</topic><topic>Flora</topic><topic>Food Handling - methods</topic><topic>Food industries</topic><topic>Food microbiology</topic><topic>Food safety</topic><topic>Frozen Foods - analysis</topic><topic>Frozen Foods - microbiology</topic><topic>Frozen Foods - standards</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>gastrointestinal system</topic><topic>genes</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Livestock</topic><topic>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</topic><topic>Micrococcus</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>nucleotide sequences</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Pseudomonas</topic><topic>Psychrobacter</topic><topic>quantitative polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>raw fish</topic><topic>raw materials</topic><topic>ribosomal RNA</topic><topic>Seafood</topic><topic>Seafood - analysis</topic><topic>Seafood - microbiology</topic><topic>Seafood - standards</topic><topic>sequence analysis</topic><topic>Serratia</topic><topic>Shellfish</topic><topic>shrimp</topic><topic>Staphylococcus hominis</topic><topic>temperature</topic><topic>Yeast</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Noor Uddin, Gazi M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Larsen, Marianne Halberg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guardabassi, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dalsgaard, Anders</creatorcontrib><collection>AGRIS</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Career & Technical Education Database</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Professional Advanced</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business</collection><collection>ProQuest One Business (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Journal of food protection</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Noor Uddin, Gazi M</au><au>Larsen, Marianne Halberg</au><au>Guardabassi, Luca</au><au>Dalsgaard, Anders</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Bacterial Flora and Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Frozen Cultured Seafood Imported to Denmark</atitle><jtitle>Journal of food protection</jtitle><addtitle>J Food Prot</addtitle><date>2013-03-01</date><risdate>2013</risdate><volume>76</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>490</spage><epage>499</epage><pages>490-499</pages><issn>0362-028X</issn><eissn>1944-9097</eissn><coden>JFPRDR</coden><abstract>Intensified aquaculture includes the use of antimicrobials for disease control. In contrast to the situation in livestock, Escherichia coli and enterococci are not part of the normal gastrointestinal flora of fish and shrimp and therefore not suitable indicators of antimicrobial resistance in seafood. In this study, the diversity and phenotypic characteristics of the bacterial flora in raw frozen cultured and wild-caught shrimp and fish were evaluated to identify potential indicators of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial flora cultured on various agar media at different temperatures yielded total viable counts of 4.0 × 10(4) to 3.0 × 10(5) CFU g-1. Bacterial diversity was indicated by 16S rRNA sequence analysis of 84 isolates representing different colony types; 24 genera and 51 species were identified. Pseudomonas spp. (23% of isolates), Psychrobacter spp. (17%), Serratia spp. (13%), Exiguobacterium spp. (7%), Staphylococcus spp. (6%), and Micrococcus spp. (6%) dominated. Disk susceptibility testing of 39 bacterial isolates to 11 antimicrobials revealed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, and third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins was found in Pseudomonas, a genus naturally resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics, and in Staphylococcus hominis. Half of the isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Results indicate that identification of a single bacterial resistance indicator naturally present in seafood at point of harvest is unlikely. The bacterial flora found likely represents a processing rather than a raw fish flora because of repeated exposure of raw material to water during processing. Methods and appropriate indicators, such as quantitative PCR of resistance genes, are needed to determine how antimicrobials used in aquaculture affect resistance of bacteria in retailed products.</abstract><cop>Des Moines, IA</cop><pub>International Association for Food Protection</pub><pmid>23462087</pmid><doi>10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-402</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of food protection, 2013-03, Vol.76 (3), p.490-499 |
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| subjects | agar ampicillin Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology antibiotic resistance Antibiotics Antimicrobial agents Aquaculture Bacteria Bacteria - drug effects Bacteria - growth & development Biological and medical sciences cephalosporins Colony Count, Microbial Consumer Product Safety Consumption Denmark Disease control Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Drug resistance Drug Resistance, Bacterial - genetics Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial E coli Enterococcus erythromycin Escherichia coli Exiguobacterium Feces Fish Fish and seafood industries Fishes - microbiology Flora Food Handling - methods Food industries Food microbiology Food safety Frozen Foods - analysis Frozen Foods - microbiology Frozen Foods - standards Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology gastrointestinal system genes Humans Livestock Microbial Sensitivity Tests Micrococcus Morphology nucleotide sequences Pathogens Pseudomonas Psychrobacter quantitative polymerase chain reaction raw fish raw materials ribosomal RNA Seafood Seafood - analysis Seafood - microbiology Seafood - standards sequence analysis Serratia Shellfish shrimp Staphylococcus hominis temperature Yeast |
| title | Bacterial Flora and Antimicrobial Resistance in Raw Frozen Cultured Seafood Imported to Denmark |
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