Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study
To evaluate the onset time, success rate, and recovery profile of unilateral spinal anesthesia produced with 4 mg, 6 mg, and 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Prospective, randomized, blinded study Outpatient anesthesia unit at a University Hospital. 90 ASA physical status I and II outpatients, w...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of clinical anesthesia 2003-08, Vol.15 (5), p.351-356 |
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| creator | Borghi, Battista Stagni, Francesca Bugamelli, Stefano Paini, Matteo Bonfatti Nepoti, Maria Lia Montebugnoli, Milena Casati, Andrea |
| description | To evaluate the onset time, success rate, and recovery profile of unilateral spinal anesthesia produced with 4 mg, 6 mg, and 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Prospective, randomized, blinded study
Outpatient anesthesia unit at a University Hospital.
90 ASA physical status I and II outpatients, who were scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy.
After standard intravenous midazolam premedication (0.05 mg/kg) and crystalloid infusion (7 mL/kg) were given, patients were placed in the lateral decubitus position on the operative side, and randomly allocated to receive spinal block with either 4 mg (Group 4, n = 30), 6 mg (Group 6, n = 30), or 8 mg (Group 8, n = 30) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine injected slowly (3 mL/min) with the needle orifice directed toward the dependent side using a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. The lateral decubitus position was maintained for 15 minutes.
The onset time of surgical block was 13 ± 5 minutes in Group 4 and 10 ± 4 minutes in Group 6 (p = 0.006), and 9 ± 4 minutes in Group 8 (p = 0.002). The maximum level of sensory block on the operative and nonoperative sides was, respectively, T
10 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
2) in Group 4 (p = 0.0005), T
8 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
5) in Group 6 (p = 0.0005), and T
7 (T
12–T
5) and / (/–T
10) in Group 8 (p = 0.0005). A strictly unilateral sensory block was observed in 27 Group 4 patients (90%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%) and 23 Group 8 patients (77%) (p = 0.28). Complete unilateral motor block was observed in 29 Group 4 patients (97%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%), and 28 Group 8 patients (93%) (p = 0.80). No failed blocks were reported. Complete regression of spinal anesthesia required 71 ± 20 minutes in Group 4 (range: 40 to 110 min), 82 ± 25 minutes in Group 6 (range: 30 to 160 min), and 97 ± 37 minutes in Group 8 (range: 50 to 120 min) (p = 0.003).
Hyperbaric bupivacaine 4 mg injected slowly through pencil-point directional needles in patients who are maintained in the lateral decubitus position for 15 minutes provided a surgical block that was mostly restricted to the operative side and adequate to perform knee arthroscopy, with a faster recovery profile than when a 6 mg or 8 mg dose was used. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0952-8180(03)00078-3 |
| format | Article |
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Prospective, randomized, blinded study
Outpatient anesthesia unit at a University Hospital.
90 ASA physical status I and II outpatients, who were scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy.
After standard intravenous midazolam premedication (0.05 mg/kg) and crystalloid infusion (7 mL/kg) were given, patients were placed in the lateral decubitus position on the operative side, and randomly allocated to receive spinal block with either 4 mg (Group 4, n = 30), 6 mg (Group 6, n = 30), or 8 mg (Group 8, n = 30) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine injected slowly (3 mL/min) with the needle orifice directed toward the dependent side using a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. The lateral decubitus position was maintained for 15 minutes.
The onset time of surgical block was 13 ± 5 minutes in Group 4 and 10 ± 4 minutes in Group 6 (p = 0.006), and 9 ± 4 minutes in Group 8 (p = 0.002). The maximum level of sensory block on the operative and nonoperative sides was, respectively, T
10 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
2) in Group 4 (p = 0.0005), T
8 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
5) in Group 6 (p = 0.0005), and T
7 (T
12–T
5) and / (/–T
10) in Group 8 (p = 0.0005). A strictly unilateral sensory block was observed in 27 Group 4 patients (90%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%) and 23 Group 8 patients (77%) (p = 0.28). Complete unilateral motor block was observed in 29 Group 4 patients (97%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%), and 28 Group 8 patients (93%) (p = 0.80). No failed blocks were reported. Complete regression of spinal anesthesia required 71 ± 20 minutes in Group 4 (range: 40 to 110 min), 82 ± 25 minutes in Group 6 (range: 30 to 160 min), and 97 ± 37 minutes in Group 8 (range: 50 to 120 min) (p = 0.003).
Hyperbaric bupivacaine 4 mg injected slowly through pencil-point directional needles in patients who are maintained in the lateral decubitus position for 15 minutes provided a surgical block that was mostly restricted to the operative side and adequate to perform knee arthroscopy, with a faster recovery profile than when a 6 mg or 8 mg dose was used.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0952-8180</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-4529</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0952-8180(03)00078-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 14507560</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, NY: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia depending on type of surgery ; Anesthesia Recovery Period ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy ; anesthetic technique: unilateral spinal anesthesia ; Anesthetics, Local - administration & dosage ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use ; Arthroscopy ; Biological and medical sciences ; Bupivacaine - administration & dosage ; Cardiac arrhythmia ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Functional Laterality - physiology ; Humans ; Hypotension - chemically induced ; Ketoprofen - therapeutic use ; Knee ; Knee - surgery ; knee arthroscopy ; local: bupivacaine ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Orthopedic surgery. Maxillofacial surgery. Otorhinolaryngologic surgery. Stomatology. Ophtalmology. Investigation and treatment technics ; outpatient ; Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy ; Prospective Studies ; Surgery ; Theater ; Treatment Outcome</subject><ispartof>Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2003-08, Vol.15 (5), p.351-356</ispartof><rights>2003 Elsevier Science Inc.</rights><rights>2003 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-378c294788f872d16900559028fbdf90aea8dc21df565aabd0190714fff4bb9f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-378c294788f872d16900559028fbdf90aea8dc21df565aabd0190714fff4bb9f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952818003000783$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=15178772$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14507560$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Borghi, Battista</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stagni, Francesca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bugamelli, Stefano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paini, Matteo Bonfatti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nepoti, Maria Lia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montebugnoli, Milena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casati, Andrea</creatorcontrib><title>Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study</title><title>Journal of clinical anesthesia</title><addtitle>J Clin Anesth</addtitle><description>To evaluate the onset time, success rate, and recovery profile of unilateral spinal anesthesia produced with 4 mg, 6 mg, and 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Prospective, randomized, blinded study
Outpatient anesthesia unit at a University Hospital.
90 ASA physical status I and II outpatients, who were scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy.
After standard intravenous midazolam premedication (0.05 mg/kg) and crystalloid infusion (7 mL/kg) were given, patients were placed in the lateral decubitus position on the operative side, and randomly allocated to receive spinal block with either 4 mg (Group 4, n = 30), 6 mg (Group 6, n = 30), or 8 mg (Group 8, n = 30) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine injected slowly (3 mL/min) with the needle orifice directed toward the dependent side using a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. The lateral decubitus position was maintained for 15 minutes.
The onset time of surgical block was 13 ± 5 minutes in Group 4 and 10 ± 4 minutes in Group 6 (p = 0.006), and 9 ± 4 minutes in Group 8 (p = 0.002). The maximum level of sensory block on the operative and nonoperative sides was, respectively, T
10 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
2) in Group 4 (p = 0.0005), T
8 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
5) in Group 6 (p = 0.0005), and T
7 (T
12–T
5) and / (/–T
10) in Group 8 (p = 0.0005). A strictly unilateral sensory block was observed in 27 Group 4 patients (90%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%) and 23 Group 8 patients (77%) (p = 0.28). Complete unilateral motor block was observed in 29 Group 4 patients (97%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%), and 28 Group 8 patients (93%) (p = 0.80). No failed blocks were reported. Complete regression of spinal anesthesia required 71 ± 20 minutes in Group 4 (range: 40 to 110 min), 82 ± 25 minutes in Group 6 (range: 30 to 160 min), and 97 ± 37 minutes in Group 8 (range: 50 to 120 min) (p = 0.003).
Hyperbaric bupivacaine 4 mg injected slowly through pencil-point directional needles in patients who are maintained in the lateral decubitus position for 15 minutes provided a surgical block that was mostly restricted to the operative side and adequate to perform knee arthroscopy, with a faster recovery profile than when a 6 mg or 8 mg dose was used.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Ambulatory Surgical Procedures</subject><subject>Anesthesia</subject><subject>Anesthesia depending on type of surgery</subject><subject>Anesthesia Recovery Period</subject><subject>Anesthesia, Spinal</subject><subject>Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy</subject><subject>anesthetic technique: unilateral spinal anesthesia</subject><subject>Anesthetics, Local - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Arthroscopy</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Bupivacaine - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Cardiac arrhythmia</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Double-Blind Method</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Functional Laterality - physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypotension - chemically induced</subject><subject>Ketoprofen - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Knee</subject><subject>Knee - surgery</subject><subject>knee arthroscopy</subject><subject>local: bupivacaine</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Orthopedic surgery. Maxillofacial surgery. Otorhinolaryngologic surgery. Stomatology. Ophtalmology. Investigation and treatment technics</subject><subject>outpatient</subject><subject>Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Theater</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><issn>0952-8180</issn><issn>1873-4529</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEtP3DAUha2qqAzT_oSiSBUSXYReJ3Fss0Fo1BakqbpoZ205foAhxMF2kObf43mIWbK6i_udo6MPoa8YLjDg9sc_4KQqGWZwDvV3AKCsrD-gGWa0LhtS8Y9o9oYco5MYHzKUH_gTOsYNAUpamKE_q8H1Mpkg-yKObsin6716LKwPhZ_SKJMzQyoeB2MKGdJ98FH5cX1ZyEL7aErrBu2GuyKmSa8_oyMr-2i-7O8crX79_L-4KZd_f98urpelajBPZU2ZqnhDGbOMVhq3HIAQDhWznbYcpJFMqwprS1oiZacBc6C4sdY2XcdtPUffdr1j8M-TiUk8-Cnk8VFgqBtOK2ibTJEdpfLoGIwVY3BPMqwzJDYSxVai2BgSUIutRFHn3Om-feqejD6k9tYycLYHZFSyt0EOysUDRzBllFaZu9pxJrt4cSaIqLJNZbQLRiWhvXtnyit2no26</recordid><startdate>20030801</startdate><enddate>20030801</enddate><creator>Borghi, Battista</creator><creator>Stagni, Francesca</creator><creator>Bugamelli, Stefano</creator><creator>Paini, Matteo Bonfatti</creator><creator>Nepoti, Maria Lia</creator><creator>Montebugnoli, Milena</creator><creator>Casati, Andrea</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20030801</creationdate><title>Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study</title><author>Borghi, Battista ; Stagni, Francesca ; Bugamelli, Stefano ; Paini, Matteo Bonfatti ; Nepoti, Maria Lia ; Montebugnoli, Milena ; Casati, Andrea</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c419t-378c294788f872d16900559028fbdf90aea8dc21df565aabd0190714fff4bb9f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Ambulatory Surgical Procedures</topic><topic>Anesthesia</topic><topic>Anesthesia depending on type of surgery</topic><topic>Anesthesia Recovery Period</topic><topic>Anesthesia, Spinal</topic><topic>Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy</topic><topic>anesthetic technique: unilateral spinal anesthesia</topic><topic>Anesthetics, Local - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Arthroscopy</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Bupivacaine - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Cardiac arrhythmia</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Double-Blind Method</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Functional Laterality - physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypotension - chemically induced</topic><topic>Ketoprofen - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Knee</topic><topic>Knee - surgery</topic><topic>knee arthroscopy</topic><topic>local: bupivacaine</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Orthopedic surgery. Maxillofacial surgery. Otorhinolaryngologic surgery. Stomatology. Ophtalmology. Investigation and treatment technics</topic><topic>outpatient</topic><topic>Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><topic>Theater</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Borghi, Battista</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stagni, Francesca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bugamelli, Stefano</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Paini, Matteo Bonfatti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nepoti, Maria Lia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montebugnoli, Milena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casati, Andrea</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>Journal of clinical anesthesia</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Borghi, Battista</au><au>Stagni, Francesca</au><au>Bugamelli, Stefano</au><au>Paini, Matteo Bonfatti</au><au>Nepoti, Maria Lia</au><au>Montebugnoli, Milena</au><au>Casati, Andrea</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study</atitle><jtitle>Journal of clinical anesthesia</jtitle><addtitle>J Clin Anesth</addtitle><date>2003-08-01</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>351</spage><epage>356</epage><pages>351-356</pages><issn>0952-8180</issn><eissn>1873-4529</eissn><abstract>To evaluate the onset time, success rate, and recovery profile of unilateral spinal anesthesia produced with 4 mg, 6 mg, and 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine.
Prospective, randomized, blinded study
Outpatient anesthesia unit at a University Hospital.
90 ASA physical status I and II outpatients, who were scheduled for elective knee arthroscopy.
After standard intravenous midazolam premedication (0.05 mg/kg) and crystalloid infusion (7 mL/kg) were given, patients were placed in the lateral decubitus position on the operative side, and randomly allocated to receive spinal block with either 4 mg (Group 4, n = 30), 6 mg (Group 6, n = 30), or 8 mg (Group 8, n = 30) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine injected slowly (3 mL/min) with the needle orifice directed toward the dependent side using a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. The lateral decubitus position was maintained for 15 minutes.
The onset time of surgical block was 13 ± 5 minutes in Group 4 and 10 ± 4 minutes in Group 6 (p = 0.006), and 9 ± 4 minutes in Group 8 (p = 0.002). The maximum level of sensory block on the operative and nonoperative sides was, respectively, T
10 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
2) in Group 4 (p = 0.0005), T
8 (T
12–T
6) and / (/–L
5) in Group 6 (p = 0.0005), and T
7 (T
12–T
5) and / (/–T
10) in Group 8 (p = 0.0005). A strictly unilateral sensory block was observed in 27 Group 4 patients (90%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%) and 23 Group 8 patients (77%) (p = 0.28). Complete unilateral motor block was observed in 29 Group 4 patients (97%), 28 Group 6 patients (93%), and 28 Group 8 patients (93%) (p = 0.80). No failed blocks were reported. Complete regression of spinal anesthesia required 71 ± 20 minutes in Group 4 (range: 40 to 110 min), 82 ± 25 minutes in Group 6 (range: 30 to 160 min), and 97 ± 37 minutes in Group 8 (range: 50 to 120 min) (p = 0.003).
Hyperbaric bupivacaine 4 mg injected slowly through pencil-point directional needles in patients who are maintained in the lateral decubitus position for 15 minutes provided a surgical block that was mostly restricted to the operative side and adequate to perform knee arthroscopy, with a faster recovery profile than when a 6 mg or 8 mg dose was used.</abstract><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>14507560</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0952-8180(03)00078-3</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of clinical anesthesia, 2003-08, Vol.15 (5), p.351-356 |
| issn | 0952-8180 1873-4529 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Adult Ambulatory Surgical Procedures Anesthesia Anesthesia depending on type of surgery Anesthesia Recovery Period Anesthesia, Spinal Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy anesthetic technique: unilateral spinal anesthesia Anesthetics, Local - administration & dosage Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - therapeutic use Arthroscopy Biological and medical sciences Bupivacaine - administration & dosage Cardiac arrhythmia Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Double-Blind Method Female Functional Laterality - physiology Humans Hypotension - chemically induced Ketoprofen - therapeutic use Knee Knee - surgery knee arthroscopy local: bupivacaine Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Orthopedic surgery. Maxillofacial surgery. Otorhinolaryngologic surgery. Stomatology. Ophtalmology. Investigation and treatment technics outpatient Pain, Postoperative - drug therapy Prospective Studies Surgery Theater Treatment Outcome |
| title | Unilateral spinal block for outpatient knee arthroscopy: a dose-finding study |
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