Imperial sisters in Hong Kong: disease, conflict and nursing in the British Empire, 1880–1914

British nurses, much like those enlisted in the colonial or military services, frequently circulated within the Empire as a professional necessity, often in response to the development of perceived crisis in the form of conflicts or disease outbreaks, prompting reciprocally shaping encounters between individuals within the various colonial outposts. More traditional approaches to the history of nursing are enclavist in the sense that they have argued that nursing practice, education and policy were established and consolidated in the metropole before being exported to the colonies by British nurses, and as a consequence, professional nursing developed independently in each of the