Management, human resources and organisation

Management is generally understood to refer to the shaping, guidance and development of sociotechnical systems using professional methods. Targeted business processes need to be organised, developed and guided by management. Organising a process means creating realistic management systems. Development refers to continuing adaptation of these systems to a changing business environment. Guidance means setting goals as well as planning, executing and controlling entrepreneurial activities. Modern business management thus requires forward-looking decisions, based on today's information and entrepreneurial tools, and continuous review of the effectiveness of prior decisions. The term management is used in an institutional sense to refer to the individuals who carry out management tasks. In large companies, management is divided into higher, middle and lower management (Drucker 1954, 1974; Drucker and Haas-Edersheim 2007).