Epidemiology and genetic characterization of influenza viruses circulating in Bhutan in 2022
Influenza (Flu) causes considerable morbidity and mortality globally, and in Bhutan, Flu viruses are a leading cause of acute respiratory infection and cause outbreaks during Flu seasons. In this study, we aim to analyze the epidemiology and the genetic characterization of Flu viruses circulated in...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2024-09, Vol.19 (9), p.e0304849 |
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| creator | Dorji, Kunzang Klungthong, Chonticha Dorji, Tshering Wangchuk, Tandin Yuden, Pema Pelki, Tshering Ghishing, Tara Devi Gyemiry, Govinda Gyeltshen, Sonam Chinnawirotpisan, Piyawan Manasatienkij, Wudtichai Wangchuk, Sonam Farmer, Aaron |
| description | Influenza (Flu) causes considerable morbidity and mortality globally, and in Bhutan, Flu viruses are a leading cause of acute respiratory infection and cause outbreaks during Flu seasons. In this study, we aim to analyze the epidemiology and the genetic characterization of Flu viruses circulated in Bhutan in 2022.
Respiratory specimens were collected from patients who meet the case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from sentinel sites. Specimens were tested for Flu and SARS-CoV-2 viruses by RT-PCR using the Multiplex Assay. Selected positive specimens were utilized for Flu viral genome sequencing by next-generation sequencing. Descriptive analysis was performed on patient demographics to see the proportion of Flu-associated ILI and SARI. All data were analyzed using Epi Info7 and QGIS 3.16 software.
A weekly average of 16.2 ILI cases per 1000 outpatient visits and 18 SARI cases per 1000 admitted cases were reported in 2022. The median age among ILI was 12 years (IQR: 5-28) and SARI was 6.2 (IQR: 2.5-15) years. Flu A(H3N2) (70.2%) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain. Flu A(H1N1)pdm09 and Flu B viruses belonged to subclades that were mismatched to the vaccine strains recommended for the 2021-2022 season but matched the vaccine strain for the 2022-2023 season with vaccine efficacy 85.14% and 88.07% respectively. Flu A(H3N2) virus belonged to two subclades which differed from the vaccine strains recommended in both the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 seasons with vaccine efficacy 68.28%.
Flu virus positivity rates were substantially elevated during the Flu season in 2022 compared to 2021. Flu A(H3N2) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain in the country and globally. Genetic characterization of the Flu viruses in Bhutan showed a close relatedness of high vaccine efficacy with the vaccine strain that WHO recommended for the 2022-23 season. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0304849 |
| format | Article |
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Respiratory specimens were collected from patients who meet the case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from sentinel sites. Specimens were tested for Flu and SARS-CoV-2 viruses by RT-PCR using the Multiplex Assay. Selected positive specimens were utilized for Flu viral genome sequencing by next-generation sequencing. Descriptive analysis was performed on patient demographics to see the proportion of Flu-associated ILI and SARI. All data were analyzed using Epi Info7 and QGIS 3.16 software.
A weekly average of 16.2 ILI cases per 1000 outpatient visits and 18 SARI cases per 1000 admitted cases were reported in 2022. The median age among ILI was 12 years (IQR: 5-28) and SARI was 6.2 (IQR: 2.5-15) years. Flu A(H3N2) (70.2%) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain. Flu A(H1N1)pdm09 and Flu B viruses belonged to subclades that were mismatched to the vaccine strains recommended for the 2021-2022 season but matched the vaccine strain for the 2022-2023 season with vaccine efficacy 85.14% and 88.07% respectively. Flu A(H3N2) virus belonged to two subclades which differed from the vaccine strains recommended in both the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 seasons with vaccine efficacy 68.28%.
Flu virus positivity rates were substantially elevated during the Flu season in 2022 compared to 2021. Flu A(H3N2) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain in the country and globally. Genetic characterization of the Flu viruses in Bhutan showed a close relatedness of high vaccine efficacy with the vaccine strain that WHO recommended for the 2022-23 season.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304849</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39288111</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Age groups ; Aged ; Analysis ; Bhutan ; Bhutan - epidemiology ; Biology and life sciences ; Care and treatment ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Circulation ; Consent ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; COVID-19 - virology ; COVID-19 vaccines ; Data analysis ; Demographics ; Development and progression ; DNA sequencing ; Dosage and administration ; Effectiveness ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Fever ; Fourier transforms ; Gene sequencing ; Genetic aspects ; Genomes ; Genomic analysis ; Genomics ; Health aspects ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Illnesses ; Immunization ; Infant ; Infections ; Influenza ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - isolation & purification ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - genetics ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - isolation & purification ; Influenza B virus - genetics ; Influenza B virus - isolation & purification ; Influenza vaccines ; Influenza, Human - epidemiology ; Influenza, Human - virology ; Laninamivir ; Lung diseases ; Male ; Medical laboratories ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Next-generation sequencing ; Nucleotide sequencing ; Older people ; People and Places ; Phylogeny ; Public health ; Questionnaires ; Respiratory tract infection ; Risk factors ; SARS-CoV-2 - genetics ; SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification ; Seasons ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Strains (organisms) ; Surveillance ; Vaccine efficacy ; Vaccines ; Viral diseases ; Virology ; Viruses ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2024-09, Vol.19 (9), p.e0304849</ispartof><rights>Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c506t-dcd04837314083f277be49603dd77d5dee5e8cb54d998ca1d8d2e7485fb4b1923</cites><orcidid>0009-0004-9185-6038 ; 0000-0001-5058-8912 ; 0000-0002-3876-9638 ; 0000-0001-7125-572X ; 0000-0002-2115-4493 ; 0009-0001-0944-5853</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11407632/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11407632/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2915,23847,27903,27904,53769,53771,79346,79347</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39288111$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Anjorin, AbdulAzeez Adeyemi</contributor><creatorcontrib>Dorji, Kunzang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klungthong, Chonticha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dorji, Tshering</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wangchuk, Tandin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yuden, Pema</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pelki, Tshering</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghishing, Tara Devi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gyemiry, Govinda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gyeltshen, Sonam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chinnawirotpisan, Piyawan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Manasatienkij, Wudtichai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wangchuk, Sonam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Farmer, Aaron</creatorcontrib><title>Epidemiology and genetic characterization of influenza viruses circulating in Bhutan in 2022</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Influenza (Flu) causes considerable morbidity and mortality globally, and in Bhutan, Flu viruses are a leading cause of acute respiratory infection and cause outbreaks during Flu seasons. In this study, we aim to analyze the epidemiology and the genetic characterization of Flu viruses circulated in Bhutan in 2022.
Respiratory specimens were collected from patients who meet the case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from sentinel sites. Specimens were tested for Flu and SARS-CoV-2 viruses by RT-PCR using the Multiplex Assay. Selected positive specimens were utilized for Flu viral genome sequencing by next-generation sequencing. Descriptive analysis was performed on patient demographics to see the proportion of Flu-associated ILI and SARI. All data were analyzed using Epi Info7 and QGIS 3.16 software.
A weekly average of 16.2 ILI cases per 1000 outpatient visits and 18 SARI cases per 1000 admitted cases were reported in 2022. The median age among ILI was 12 years (IQR: 5-28) and SARI was 6.2 (IQR: 2.5-15) years. Flu A(H3N2) (70.2%) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain. Flu A(H1N1)pdm09 and Flu B viruses belonged to subclades that were mismatched to the vaccine strains recommended for the 2021-2022 season but matched the vaccine strain for the 2022-2023 season with vaccine efficacy 85.14% and 88.07% respectively. Flu A(H3N2) virus belonged to two subclades which differed from the vaccine strains recommended in both the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 seasons with vaccine efficacy 68.28%.
Flu virus positivity rates were substantially elevated during the Flu season in 2022 compared to 2021. Flu A(H3N2) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain in the country and globally. Genetic characterization of the Flu viruses in Bhutan showed a close relatedness of high vaccine efficacy with the vaccine strain that WHO recommended for the 2022-23 season.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age groups</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Bhutan</subject><subject>Bhutan - epidemiology</subject><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Circulation</subject><subject>Consent</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - virology</subject><subject>COVID-19 vaccines</subject><subject>Data analysis</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>DNA sequencing</subject><subject>Dosage and administration</subject><subject>Effectiveness</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Gene sequencing</subject><subject>Genetic aspects</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Genomic analysis</subject><subject>Genomics</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Illnesses</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - genetics</subject><subject>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - genetics</subject><subject>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Influenza B virus - genetics</subject><subject>Influenza B virus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Influenza vaccines</subject><subject>Influenza, Human - epidemiology</subject><subject>Influenza, Human - virology</subject><subject>Laninamivir</subject><subject>Lung diseases</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical laboratories</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Next-generation sequencing</subject><subject>Nucleotide sequencing</subject><subject>Older people</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Respiratory tract infection</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2 - genetics</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Strains (organisms)</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>Vaccine efficacy</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Viral 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and genetic characterization of influenza viruses circulating in Bhutan in 2022</title><author>Dorji, Kunzang ; Klungthong, Chonticha ; Dorji, Tshering ; Wangchuk, Tandin ; Yuden, Pema ; Pelki, Tshering ; Ghishing, Tara Devi ; Gyemiry, Govinda ; Gyeltshen, Sonam ; Chinnawirotpisan, Piyawan ; Manasatienkij, Wudtichai ; Wangchuk, Sonam ; Farmer, Aaron</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c506t-dcd04837314083f277be49603dd77d5dee5e8cb54d998ca1d8d2e7485fb4b1923</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age groups</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Bhutan</topic><topic>Bhutan - epidemiology</topic><topic>Biology and life sciences</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Circulation</topic><topic>Consent</topic><topic>COVID-19 - 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Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dorji, Kunzang</au><au>Klungthong, Chonticha</au><au>Dorji, Tshering</au><au>Wangchuk, Tandin</au><au>Yuden, Pema</au><au>Pelki, Tshering</au><au>Ghishing, Tara Devi</au><au>Gyemiry, Govinda</au><au>Gyeltshen, Sonam</au><au>Chinnawirotpisan, Piyawan</au><au>Manasatienkij, Wudtichai</au><au>Wangchuk, Sonam</au><au>Farmer, Aaron</au><au>Anjorin, AbdulAzeez Adeyemi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Epidemiology and genetic characterization of influenza viruses circulating in Bhutan in 2022</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2024-09-17</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0304849</spage><pages>e0304849-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Influenza (Flu) causes considerable morbidity and mortality globally, and in Bhutan, Flu viruses are a leading cause of acute respiratory infection and cause outbreaks during Flu seasons. In this study, we aim to analyze the epidemiology and the genetic characterization of Flu viruses circulated in Bhutan in 2022.
Respiratory specimens were collected from patients who meet the case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) from sentinel sites. Specimens were tested for Flu and SARS-CoV-2 viruses by RT-PCR using the Multiplex Assay. Selected positive specimens were utilized for Flu viral genome sequencing by next-generation sequencing. Descriptive analysis was performed on patient demographics to see the proportion of Flu-associated ILI and SARI. All data were analyzed using Epi Info7 and QGIS 3.16 software.
A weekly average of 16.2 ILI cases per 1000 outpatient visits and 18 SARI cases per 1000 admitted cases were reported in 2022. The median age among ILI was 12 years (IQR: 5-28) and SARI was 6.2 (IQR: 2.5-15) years. Flu A(H3N2) (70.2%) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain. Flu A(H1N1)pdm09 and Flu B viruses belonged to subclades that were mismatched to the vaccine strains recommended for the 2021-2022 season but matched the vaccine strain for the 2022-2023 season with vaccine efficacy 85.14% and 88.07% respectively. Flu A(H3N2) virus belonged to two subclades which differed from the vaccine strains recommended in both the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 seasons with vaccine efficacy 68.28%.
Flu virus positivity rates were substantially elevated during the Flu season in 2022 compared to 2021. Flu A(H3N2) subtype was the most predominant circulating strain in the country and globally. Genetic characterization of the Flu viruses in Bhutan showed a close relatedness of high vaccine efficacy with the vaccine strain that WHO recommended for the 2022-23 season.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>39288111</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0304849</doi><tpages>e0304849</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9185-6038</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5058-8912</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-9638</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7125-572X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-4493</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0944-5853</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2024-09, Vol.19 (9), p.e0304849 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_3106353743 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Age groups Aged Analysis Bhutan Bhutan - epidemiology Biology and life sciences Care and treatment Child Child, Preschool Circulation Consent COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - virology COVID-19 vaccines Data analysis Demographics Development and progression DNA sequencing Dosage and administration Effectiveness Epidemiology Female Fever Fourier transforms Gene sequencing Genetic aspects Genomes Genomic analysis Genomics Health aspects Hospitals Humans Illnesses Immunization Infant Infections Influenza Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - genetics Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype - isolation & purification Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - genetics Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype - isolation & purification Influenza B virus - genetics Influenza B virus - isolation & purification Influenza vaccines Influenza, Human - epidemiology Influenza, Human - virology Laninamivir Lung diseases Male Medical laboratories Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Morbidity Mortality Next-generation sequencing Nucleotide sequencing Older people People and Places Phylogeny Public health Questionnaires Respiratory tract infection Risk factors SARS-CoV-2 - genetics SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification Seasons Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Strains (organisms) Surveillance Vaccine efficacy Vaccines Viral diseases Virology Viruses Young Adult |
| title | Epidemiology and genetic characterization of influenza viruses circulating in Bhutan in 2022 |
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