Inflammatory profiles are associated with long COVID up to 6 months after COVID-19 onset: A prospective cohort study of individuals with mild to critical COVID-19
After initial COVID-19, immune dysregulation may persist and drive post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We described longitudinal trajectories of cytokines in adults up to 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection and explored early predictors of PASC. RECoVERED is a prospective cohort of individua...
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Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2024-07, Vol.19 (7), p.e0304990 |
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creator | Wynberg, Elke Han, Alvin X van Willigen, Hugo D G Verveen, Anouk van Pul, Lisa Maurer, Irma van Leeuwen, Ester M van den Aardweg, Joost G de Jong, Menno D Nieuwkerk, Pythia Prins, Maria Kootstra, Neeltje A de Bree, Godelieve J |
description | After initial COVID-19, immune dysregulation may persist and drive post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We described longitudinal trajectories of cytokines in adults up to 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection and explored early predictors of PASC.
RECoVERED is a prospective cohort of individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between May 2020 and June 2021 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Serum was collected at weeks 4, 12 and 24 of follow-up. Monthly symptom questionnaires were completed from month 2 after COVID-19 onset onwards; lung diffusion capacity (DLCO) was tested at 6 months. Cytokine concentrations were analysed by human magnetic Luminex screening assay. We used a linear mixed-effects model to study log-concentrations of cytokines over time, assessing their association with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics that were included in the model as fixed effects.
186/349 (53%) participants had ≥2 serum samples and were included in current analyses. Of these, 101/186 (54%: 45/101[45%] female, median age 55 years [IQR = 45-64]) reported PASC at 12 and 24 weeks after COVID-19 onset. We included 37 reference samples (17/37[46%] female, median age 49 years [IQR = 40-56]). In a multivariate model, PASC was associated with raised CRP and abnormal diffusion capacity with raised IL10, IL17, IL6, IP10 and TNFα at 24 weeks. Early (0-4 week) IL-1β and BMI at COVID-19 onset were predictive of PASC at 24 weeks.
Our findings indicate that immune dysregulation plays an important role in PASC pathogenesis, especially among individuals with reduced pulmonary function. Early IL-1β shows promise as a predictor of PASC. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0304990 |
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RECoVERED is a prospective cohort of individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between May 2020 and June 2021 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Serum was collected at weeks 4, 12 and 24 of follow-up. Monthly symptom questionnaires were completed from month 2 after COVID-19 onset onwards; lung diffusion capacity (DLCO) was tested at 6 months. Cytokine concentrations were analysed by human magnetic Luminex screening assay. We used a linear mixed-effects model to study log-concentrations of cytokines over time, assessing their association with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics that were included in the model as fixed effects.
186/349 (53%) participants had ≥2 serum samples and were included in current analyses. Of these, 101/186 (54%: 45/101[45%] female, median age 55 years [IQR = 45-64]) reported PASC at 12 and 24 weeks after COVID-19 onset. We included 37 reference samples (17/37[46%] female, median age 49 years [IQR = 40-56]). In a multivariate model, PASC was associated with raised CRP and abnormal diffusion capacity with raised IL10, IL17, IL6, IP10 and TNFα at 24 weeks. Early (0-4 week) IL-1β and BMI at COVID-19 onset were predictive of PASC at 24 weeks.
Our findings indicate that immune dysregulation plays an important role in PASC pathogenesis, especially among individuals with reduced pulmonary function. Early IL-1β shows promise as a predictor of PASC.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304990</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39008486</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Analysis ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Body mass index ; Cohort analysis ; Complications ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - blood ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; COVID-19 - immunology ; COVID-19 vaccines ; Cytokines ; Cytokines - blood ; Female ; Females ; Health aspects ; Health care ; Humans ; IL-1β ; Infection ; Infections ; Inflammation ; Inflammation - blood ; Interleukin-1 ; Laboratories ; Long COVID ; Male ; Measurement ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Netherlands - epidemiology ; Observational studies ; Oxygen therapy ; Pathogenesis ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Prospective Studies ; Proteins ; Pulmonary functions ; Respiratory function ; SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Sociodemographics ; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2024-07, Vol.19 (7), p.e0304990</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2024 Wynberg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2024 Wynberg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 Wynberg et al 2024 Wynberg et al</rights><rights>2024 Wynberg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c572t-bae388171de00d8740487503ea443186c279147b3a47a6aa0a05fe0a629850443</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8245-086X ; 0000-0002-2616-1414 ; 0000-0002-4567-3132</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249251/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11249251/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39008486$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wynberg, Elke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Alvin X</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Willigen, Hugo D G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Verveen, Anouk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Pul, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maurer, Irma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Leeuwen, Ester M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van den Aardweg, Joost G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Jong, Menno D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nieuwkerk, Pythia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prins, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kootstra, Neeltje A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>de Bree, Godelieve J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>RECoVERED Study Group</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>on behalf of the RECoVERED Study Group</creatorcontrib><title>Inflammatory profiles are associated with long COVID up to 6 months after COVID-19 onset: A prospective cohort study of individuals with mild to critical COVID-19</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>After initial COVID-19, immune dysregulation may persist and drive post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We described longitudinal trajectories of cytokines in adults up to 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection and explored early predictors of PASC.
RECoVERED is a prospective cohort of individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between May 2020 and June 2021 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Serum was collected at weeks 4, 12 and 24 of follow-up. Monthly symptom questionnaires were completed from month 2 after COVID-19 onset onwards; lung diffusion capacity (DLCO) was tested at 6 months. Cytokine concentrations were analysed by human magnetic Luminex screening assay. We used a linear mixed-effects model to study log-concentrations of cytokines over time, assessing their association with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics that were included in the model as fixed effects.
186/349 (53%) participants had ≥2 serum samples and were included in current analyses. Of these, 101/186 (54%: 45/101[45%] female, median age 55 years [IQR = 45-64]) reported PASC at 12 and 24 weeks after COVID-19 onset. We included 37 reference samples (17/37[46%] female, median age 49 years [IQR = 40-56]). In a multivariate model, PASC was associated with raised CRP and abnormal diffusion capacity with raised IL10, IL17, IL6, IP10 and TNFα at 24 weeks. Early (0-4 week) IL-1β and BMI at COVID-19 onset were predictive of PASC at 24 weeks.
Our findings indicate that immune dysregulation plays an important role in PASC pathogenesis, especially among individuals with reduced pulmonary function. Early IL-1β shows promise as a predictor of PASC.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Complications</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - blood</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - immunology</subject><subject>COVID-19 vaccines</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Cytokines - blood</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>IL-1β</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - blood</subject><subject>Interleukin-1</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Long COVID</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Medicine and Health 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Lisa</au><au>Maurer, Irma</au><au>van Leeuwen, Ester M</au><au>van den Aardweg, Joost G</au><au>de Jong, Menno D</au><au>Nieuwkerk, Pythia</au><au>Prins, Maria</au><au>Kootstra, Neeltje A</au><au>de Bree, Godelieve J</au><aucorp>RECoVERED Study Group</aucorp><aucorp>on behalf of the RECoVERED Study Group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Inflammatory profiles are associated with long COVID up to 6 months after COVID-19 onset: A prospective cohort study of individuals with mild to critical COVID-19</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2024-07-15</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>e0304990</spage><pages>e0304990-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>After initial COVID-19, immune dysregulation may persist and drive post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We described longitudinal trajectories of cytokines in adults up to 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection and explored early predictors of PASC.
RECoVERED is a prospective cohort of individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between May 2020 and June 2021 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Serum was collected at weeks 4, 12 and 24 of follow-up. Monthly symptom questionnaires were completed from month 2 after COVID-19 onset onwards; lung diffusion capacity (DLCO) was tested at 6 months. Cytokine concentrations were analysed by human magnetic Luminex screening assay. We used a linear mixed-effects model to study log-concentrations of cytokines over time, assessing their association with socio-demographic and clinical characteristics that were included in the model as fixed effects.
186/349 (53%) participants had ≥2 serum samples and were included in current analyses. Of these, 101/186 (54%: 45/101[45%] female, median age 55 years [IQR = 45-64]) reported PASC at 12 and 24 weeks after COVID-19 onset. We included 37 reference samples (17/37[46%] female, median age 49 years [IQR = 40-56]). In a multivariate model, PASC was associated with raised CRP and abnormal diffusion capacity with raised IL10, IL17, IL6, IP10 and TNFα at 24 weeks. Early (0-4 week) IL-1β and BMI at COVID-19 onset were predictive of PASC at 24 weeks.
Our findings indicate that immune dysregulation plays an important role in PASC pathogenesis, especially among individuals with reduced pulmonary function. Early IL-1β shows promise as a predictor of PASC.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>39008486</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0304990</doi><tpages>e0304990</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8245-086X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-1414</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-3132</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
ispartof | PloS one, 2024-07, Vol.19 (7), p.e0304990 |
issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_plos_journals_3081070686 |
source | Electronic Journals Library; MEDLINE; Public Library of Science; PubMed Central; Directory of Open Access Journals; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
subjects | Adult Aged Analysis Biology and Life Sciences Body mass index Cohort analysis Complications COVID-19 COVID-19 - blood COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - immunology COVID-19 vaccines Cytokines Cytokines - blood Female Females Health aspects Health care Humans IL-1β Infection Infections Inflammation Inflammation - blood Interleukin-1 Laboratories Long COVID Male Measurement Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Netherlands - epidemiology Observational studies Oxygen therapy Pathogenesis Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome Prospective Studies Proteins Pulmonary functions Respiratory function SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Sociodemographics Tumor necrosis factor-TNF |
title | Inflammatory profiles are associated with long COVID up to 6 months after COVID-19 onset: A prospective cohort study of individuals with mild to critical COVID-19 |
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