Vitamin D and thyroid function: A mendelian randomization study
Numerous organs, including the thyroid gland, depend on vitamin D to function normally. Insufficient levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are seen as a potential factor contributing to the emergence of several thyroid disorders, however, the causal relationship remains unclear. Here we use...
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| description | Numerous organs, including the thyroid gland, depend on vitamin D to function normally. Insufficient levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are seen as a potential factor contributing to the emergence of several thyroid disorders, however, the causal relationship remains unclear. Here we use a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the causal effect of serum 25(OH)D concentration on the indicators of thyroid function.
We conducted a two-sample MR analysis utilizing summary data from the most extensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of serum 25(OH)D concentration (n = 443,734 and 417,580), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, n = 271,040), free thyroxine (fT4, n = 119,120), free triiodothyronine (fT3, n = 59,061), total triiodothyronine (TT3, n = 15,829), as well as thyroid peroxidase antibody levels and positivity (TPOAb, n = 12,353 and n = 18,297), low TSH (n = 153,241), high TSH (n = 141,549), autoimmune hypothyroidism (n = 287,247) and autoimmune hyperthyroidism (n = 257,552). The primary analysis was conducted using the multiplicative random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. The weighted mode, weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect estimates (CAUSE) were used in the sensitivity analysis.
The IVW, as well as MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, showed a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on high TSH. Each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 12% decrease in the risk of high TSH (p = 0.02). Additionally, in the MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, we found a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on autoimmune hypothyroidism. Specifically, each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 16.34% decrease in the risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism (p = 0.02).
Our results support a suggestive causal effect which was negative in direction across all methods used, meaning that higher genetically predicted vitamin D concentration possibly lowers the odds of having high TSH or autoimmune hypothyroidism. Other thyroid parameters were not causally influenced by vitamin D serum concentration. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0304253 |
| format | Article |
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We conducted a two-sample MR analysis utilizing summary data from the most extensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of serum 25(OH)D concentration (n = 443,734 and 417,580), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, n = 271,040), free thyroxine (fT4, n = 119,120), free triiodothyronine (fT3, n = 59,061), total triiodothyronine (TT3, n = 15,829), as well as thyroid peroxidase antibody levels and positivity (TPOAb, n = 12,353 and n = 18,297), low TSH (n = 153,241), high TSH (n = 141,549), autoimmune hypothyroidism (n = 287,247) and autoimmune hyperthyroidism (n = 257,552). The primary analysis was conducted using the multiplicative random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. The weighted mode, weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect estimates (CAUSE) were used in the sensitivity analysis.
The IVW, as well as MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, showed a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on high TSH. Each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 12% decrease in the risk of high TSH (p = 0.02). Additionally, in the MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, we found a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on autoimmune hypothyroidism. Specifically, each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 16.34% decrease in the risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism (p = 0.02).
Our results support a suggestive causal effect which was negative in direction across all methods used, meaning that higher genetically predicted vitamin D concentration possibly lowers the odds of having high TSH or autoimmune hypothyroidism. Other thyroid parameters were not causally influenced by vitamin D serum concentration.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304253</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38900813</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>25-Hydroxyvitamin D ; Alfacalcidol ; Analysis ; Antibodies ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Calcifediol ; Calciferol ; Clinical trials ; Consortia ; Estimates ; Genome-wide association studies ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genomics ; Humans ; Hyperthyroidism ; Hyperthyroidism - blood ; Hyperthyroidism - genetics ; Hypothyroidism ; Hypothyroidism - blood ; Hypothyroidism - genetics ; Iodide peroxidase ; Iodine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis ; People and Places ; Peroxidase ; Physical sciences ; Randomization ; Research methodology ; Selenium ; Sensitivity analysis ; Statistics ; Thyroid ; Thyroid cancer ; Thyroid diseases ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Thyroid gland ; Thyroid Gland - metabolism ; Thyroid hormones ; Thyroid-stimulating hormone ; Thyrotropin ; Thyrotropin - blood ; Thyroxine ; Thyroxine - blood ; Triiodothyronine ; Triiodothyronine - blood ; Viral antibodies ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives ; Vitamin D - blood</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2024-06, Vol.19 (6), p.e0304253</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2024 Pleić et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2024 Pleić et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 Pleić et al 2024 Pleić et al</rights><rights>2024 Pleić et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c642t-9d6713e077040c264773307ed87516eec9b95ae25e5b4ce15728128f9ec8d5cf3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5672-871X ; 0000-0003-4223-4190 ; 0000-0001-8120-2891</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11189194/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11189194/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38900813$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pleić, Nikolina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babić Leko, Mirjana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gunjača, Ivana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zemunik, Tatijana</creatorcontrib><title>Vitamin D and thyroid function: A mendelian randomization study</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Numerous organs, including the thyroid gland, depend on vitamin D to function normally. Insufficient levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are seen as a potential factor contributing to the emergence of several thyroid disorders, however, the causal relationship remains unclear. Here we use a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the causal effect of serum 25(OH)D concentration on the indicators of thyroid function.
We conducted a two-sample MR analysis utilizing summary data from the most extensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of serum 25(OH)D concentration (n = 443,734 and 417,580), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, n = 271,040), free thyroxine (fT4, n = 119,120), free triiodothyronine (fT3, n = 59,061), total triiodothyronine (TT3, n = 15,829), as well as thyroid peroxidase antibody levels and positivity (TPOAb, n = 12,353 and n = 18,297), low TSH (n = 153,241), high TSH (n = 141,549), autoimmune hypothyroidism (n = 287,247) and autoimmune hyperthyroidism (n = 257,552). The primary analysis was conducted using the multiplicative random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. The weighted mode, weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect estimates (CAUSE) were used in the sensitivity analysis.
The IVW, as well as MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, showed a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on high TSH. Each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 12% decrease in the risk of high TSH (p = 0.02). Additionally, in the MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, we found a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on autoimmune hypothyroidism. Specifically, each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 16.34% decrease in the risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism (p = 0.02).
Our results support a suggestive causal effect which was negative in direction across all methods used, meaning that higher genetically predicted vitamin D concentration possibly lowers the odds of having high TSH or autoimmune hypothyroidism. Other thyroid parameters were not causally influenced by vitamin D serum concentration.</description><subject>25-Hydroxyvitamin D</subject><subject>Alfacalcidol</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Calcifediol</subject><subject>Calciferol</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Consortia</subject><subject>Estimates</subject><subject>Genome-wide association studies</subject><subject>Genome-Wide Association Study</subject><subject>Genomics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hyperthyroidism</subject><subject>Hyperthyroidism - blood</subject><subject>Hyperthyroidism - genetics</subject><subject>Hypothyroidism</subject><subject>Hypothyroidism - blood</subject><subject>Hypothyroidism - genetics</subject><subject>Iodide peroxidase</subject><subject>Iodine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Peroxidase</subject><subject>Physical sciences</subject><subject>Randomization</subject><subject>Research methodology</subject><subject>Selenium</subject><subject>Sensitivity analysis</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><subject>Thyroid</subject><subject>Thyroid cancer</subject><subject>Thyroid diseases</subject><subject>Thyroid Function Tests</subject><subject>Thyroid gland</subject><subject>Thyroid Gland - metabolism</subject><subject>Thyroid hormones</subject><subject>Thyroid-stimulating hormone</subject><subject>Thyrotropin</subject><subject>Thyrotropin - blood</subject><subject>Thyroxine</subject><subject>Thyroxine - blood</subject><subject>Triiodothyronine</subject><subject>Triiodothyronine - blood</subject><subject>Viral antibodies</subject><subject>Vitamin D</subject><subject>Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives</subject><subject>Vitamin D - blood</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl1v0zAUhiMEYmPwDxBEQkJw0WLHdmxzM1Xjq9KkSXzs1nLtk9ZVYndxgii_HodmU4N2gXxhy-c57_E5frPsOUZzTDh-tw1963U93wUPc0QQLRh5kJ1iSYpZWSDy8Oh8kj2JcYsQI6IsH2cnREiEBCan2fm163TjfP4h197m3WbfBmfzqvemc8G_zxd5A95C7bTP24SExv3WQyiPXW_3T7NHla4jPBv3s-zHp4_fL77MLq8-Ly8WlzNT0qKbSVtyTABxjigyRUk5JwRxsIIzXAIYuZJMQ8GAragBzHghcCEqCUZYZipylr086O7qENXYe1RJA7GSMYoSsTwQNuit2rWu0e1eBe3U34vQrpVuO2dqUJIbaYjEK2wFtUZqQYFSQglIgVd8qHY-VutXDVgDvmt1PRGdRrzbqHX4qTDGQmJJk8KbUaENNz3ETjUuGqhr7SH0h4cLwmk5PPzVP-j97Y3UWqcOnK9CKmwGUbXgUlDMhGCJmt9DpWWhcSY5pXLpfpLwdpKQmA5-dWvdx6iW377-P3t1PWVfH7Eb0HW3iaHuB-fEKUgPoGlDjC1Ud1PGSA1Gv52GGoyuRqOntBfHP3SXdOts8gcMOvZE</recordid><startdate>20240620</startdate><enddate>20240620</enddate><creator>Pleić, Nikolina</creator><creator>Babić Leko, Mirjana</creator><creator>Gunjača, Ivana</creator><creator>Zemunik, Tatijana</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-871X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4223-4190</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8120-2891</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240620</creationdate><title>Vitamin D and thyroid function: A mendelian randomization study</title><author>Pleić, Nikolina ; Babić Leko, Mirjana ; Gunjača, Ivana ; Zemunik, Tatijana</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c642t-9d6713e077040c264773307ed87516eec9b95ae25e5b4ce15728128f9ec8d5cf3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>25-Hydroxyvitamin D</topic><topic>Alfacalcidol</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Antibodies</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Calcifediol</topic><topic>Calciferol</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Consortia</topic><topic>Estimates</topic><topic>Genome-wide association studies</topic><topic>Genome-Wide Association Study</topic><topic>Genomics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hyperthyroidism</topic><topic>Hyperthyroidism - 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analogs & derivatives</topic><topic>Vitamin D - blood</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pleić, Nikolina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babić Leko, Mirjana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gunjača, Ivana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zemunik, Tatijana</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pleić, Nikolina</au><au>Babić Leko, Mirjana</au><au>Gunjača, Ivana</au><au>Zemunik, Tatijana</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Vitamin D and thyroid function: A mendelian randomization study</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2024-06-20</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0304253</spage><pages>e0304253-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Numerous organs, including the thyroid gland, depend on vitamin D to function normally. Insufficient levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] are seen as a potential factor contributing to the emergence of several thyroid disorders, however, the causal relationship remains unclear. Here we use a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the causal effect of serum 25(OH)D concentration on the indicators of thyroid function.
We conducted a two-sample MR analysis utilizing summary data from the most extensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of serum 25(OH)D concentration (n = 443,734 and 417,580), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, n = 271,040), free thyroxine (fT4, n = 119,120), free triiodothyronine (fT3, n = 59,061), total triiodothyronine (TT3, n = 15,829), as well as thyroid peroxidase antibody levels and positivity (TPOAb, n = 12,353 and n = 18,297), low TSH (n = 153,241), high TSH (n = 141,549), autoimmune hypothyroidism (n = 287,247) and autoimmune hyperthyroidism (n = 257,552). The primary analysis was conducted using the multiplicative random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. The weighted mode, weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect estimates (CAUSE) were used in the sensitivity analysis.
The IVW, as well as MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, showed a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on high TSH. Each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 12% decrease in the risk of high TSH (p = 0.02). Additionally, in the MR Egger and CAUSE analysis, we found a suggestive causal effect of 25(OH)D concentration on autoimmune hypothyroidism. Specifically, each 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with a 16.34% decrease in the risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism (p = 0.02).
Our results support a suggestive causal effect which was negative in direction across all methods used, meaning that higher genetically predicted vitamin D concentration possibly lowers the odds of having high TSH or autoimmune hypothyroidism. Other thyroid parameters were not causally influenced by vitamin D serum concentration.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>38900813</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0304253</doi><tpages>e0304253</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-871X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4223-4190</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8120-2891</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2024-06, Vol.19 (6), p.e0304253 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_3070565540 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Alfacalcidol Analysis Antibodies Biology and Life Sciences Calcifediol Calciferol Clinical trials Consortia Estimates Genome-wide association studies Genome-Wide Association Study Genomics Humans Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism - blood Hyperthyroidism - genetics Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism - blood Hypothyroidism - genetics Iodide peroxidase Iodine Medicine and Health Sciences Mendelian Randomization Analysis People and Places Peroxidase Physical sciences Randomization Research methodology Selenium Sensitivity analysis Statistics Thyroid Thyroid cancer Thyroid diseases Thyroid Function Tests Thyroid gland Thyroid Gland - metabolism Thyroid hormones Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyrotropin Thyrotropin - blood Thyroxine Thyroxine - blood Triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine - blood Viral antibodies Vitamin D Vitamin D - analogs & derivatives Vitamin D - blood |
| title | Vitamin D and thyroid function: A mendelian randomization study |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-10T15%3A15%3A45IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vitamin%20D%20and%20thyroid%20function:%20A%20mendelian%20randomization%20study&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Plei%C4%87,%20Nikolina&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=6&rft.spage=e0304253&rft.pages=e0304253-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0304253&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA798415885%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=3070565540&rft_id=info:pmid/38900813&rft_galeid=A798415885&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_97c9c391b1d84dc9a84e44343e981b7f&rfr_iscdi=true |