Risk of long COVID and associated symptoms after acute SARS-COV-2 infection in ethnic minorities: A nationwide register-linked cohort study in Denmark
Ethnic minorities living in high-income countries have been disproportionately affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in terms of infection rates, hospitalisations, and deaths; however, less is known about long COVID in these populations. Our aim was to examine the risk of long COVID and as...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS medicine 2024-02, Vol.21 (2), p.e1004280-e1004280 |
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| creator | Mkoma, George Frederick Agyemang, Charles Benfield, Thomas Rostila, Mikael Cederström, Agneta Petersen, Jørgen Holm Norredam, Marie |
| description | Ethnic minorities living in high-income countries have been disproportionately affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in terms of infection rates, hospitalisations, and deaths; however, less is known about long COVID in these populations. Our aim was to examine the risk of long COVID and associated symptoms among ethnic minorities.
We used nationwide register-based cohort data on individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 aged ≥18 years (n = 2,287,175) between January 2020 and August 2022 in Denmark. We calculated the risk of long COVID diagnosis and long COVID symptoms among ethnic minorities compared with native Danes using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and logistic regression, respectively. Among individuals who were first time diagnosed with COVID-19 during the study period, 39,876 (1.7%) were hospitalised and 2,247,299 (98.3%) were nonhospitalised individuals. Of the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, 1,952,021 (85.3%) were native Danes and 335,154 (14.7%) were ethnic minorities. After adjustment for age, sex, civil status, education, family income, and Charlson comorbidity index, ethnic minorities from North Africa (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.12,1.79], p = 0.003), Middle East (aHR 1.38, 95% CI [1.24,1.55], p < 0.001), Eastern Europe (aHR 1.35, 95% CI [1.22,1.49], p < 0.001), and Asia (aHR 1.23, 95% CI [1.09,1.40], p = 0.001) had significantly greater risk of long COVID diagnosis than native Danes. In the analysis by largest countries of origin, the greater risks of long COVID diagnosis were found in people of Iraqi origin (aHR 1.56, 95% CI [1.30,1.88], p < 0.001), people of Turkish origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.24,1.63], p < 0.001), and people of Somali origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.07,1.91], p = 0.016). A significant factor associated with an increased risk of long COVID diagnosis was COVID-19 hospitalisation. The risk of long COVID diagnosis among ethnic minorities was more pronounced between January 2020 and June 2021. Furthermore, the odds of reporting cardiopulmonary symptoms (including dyspnoea, cough, and chest pain) and any long COVID symptoms were higher among people of North African, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, and Asian origins than among native Danes in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Despite including the nationwide sample of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, the precision of our estimates on long COVID was limited to the sample of patients with symptoms who had contacted the h |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004280 |
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We used nationwide register-based cohort data on individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 aged ≥18 years (n = 2,287,175) between January 2020 and August 2022 in Denmark. We calculated the risk of long COVID diagnosis and long COVID symptoms among ethnic minorities compared with native Danes using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and logistic regression, respectively. Among individuals who were first time diagnosed with COVID-19 during the study period, 39,876 (1.7%) were hospitalised and 2,247,299 (98.3%) were nonhospitalised individuals. Of the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, 1,952,021 (85.3%) were native Danes and 335,154 (14.7%) were ethnic minorities. After adjustment for age, sex, civil status, education, family income, and Charlson comorbidity index, ethnic minorities from North Africa (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.12,1.79], p = 0.003), Middle East (aHR 1.38, 95% CI [1.24,1.55], p < 0.001), Eastern Europe (aHR 1.35, 95% CI [1.22,1.49], p < 0.001), and Asia (aHR 1.23, 95% CI [1.09,1.40], p = 0.001) had significantly greater risk of long COVID diagnosis than native Danes. In the analysis by largest countries of origin, the greater risks of long COVID diagnosis were found in people of Iraqi origin (aHR 1.56, 95% CI [1.30,1.88], p < 0.001), people of Turkish origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.24,1.63], p < 0.001), and people of Somali origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.07,1.91], p = 0.016). A significant factor associated with an increased risk of long COVID diagnosis was COVID-19 hospitalisation. The risk of long COVID diagnosis among ethnic minorities was more pronounced between January 2020 and June 2021. Furthermore, the odds of reporting cardiopulmonary symptoms (including dyspnoea, cough, and chest pain) and any long COVID symptoms were higher among people of North African, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, and Asian origins than among native Danes in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Despite including the nationwide sample of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, the precision of our estimates on long COVID was limited to the sample of patients with symptoms who had contacted the hospital.
Belonging to an ethnic minority group was significantly associated with an increased risk of long COVID, indicating the need to better understand long COVID drivers and address care and treatment strategies in these populations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1549-1676</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1549-1277</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1549-1676</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004280</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38377114</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cohort Studies ; Comorbidity ; Comparative analysis ; Coronaviruses ; Cough ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; COVID-19 vaccines ; Denmark - epidemiology ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Ethnic and Racial Minorities ; Ethnicity ; Health aspects ; Humans ; Immunization ; Infection ; Long COVID ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Minorities ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Minority Groups ; People and Places ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Respiration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Scandinavians and Nordic People ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Social aspects ; Socioeconomic factors</subject><ispartof>PLoS medicine, 2024-02, Vol.21 (2), p.e1004280-e1004280</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2024 Mkoma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2024 Mkoma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 Mkoma et al 2024 Mkoma et al</rights><rights>2024 Mkoma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c840t-7c3c11e39f8f6998e252982f2ac94fc978d95b571ab24b5ba5a130b1d831b1ac3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c840t-7c3c11e39f8f6998e252982f2ac94fc978d95b571ab24b5ba5a130b1d831b1ac3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8073-3586 ; 0000-0003-3979-7443</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10914299/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10914299/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,552,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38377114$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-228099$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:155219086$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Mody, Aaloke</contributor><creatorcontrib>Mkoma, George Frederick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Agyemang, Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benfield, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rostila, Mikael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cederström, Agneta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petersen, Jørgen Holm</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Norredam, Marie</creatorcontrib><title>Risk of long COVID and associated symptoms after acute SARS-COV-2 infection in ethnic minorities: A nationwide register-linked cohort study in Denmark</title><title>PLoS medicine</title><addtitle>PLoS Med</addtitle><description>Ethnic minorities living in high-income countries have been disproportionately affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in terms of infection rates, hospitalisations, and deaths; however, less is known about long COVID in these populations. Our aim was to examine the risk of long COVID and associated symptoms among ethnic minorities.
We used nationwide register-based cohort data on individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 aged ≥18 years (n = 2,287,175) between January 2020 and August 2022 in Denmark. We calculated the risk of long COVID diagnosis and long COVID symptoms among ethnic minorities compared with native Danes using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and logistic regression, respectively. Among individuals who were first time diagnosed with COVID-19 during the study period, 39,876 (1.7%) were hospitalised and 2,247,299 (98.3%) were nonhospitalised individuals. Of the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, 1,952,021 (85.3%) were native Danes and 335,154 (14.7%) were ethnic minorities. After adjustment for age, sex, civil status, education, family income, and Charlson comorbidity index, ethnic minorities from North Africa (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.12,1.79], p = 0.003), Middle East (aHR 1.38, 95% CI [1.24,1.55], p < 0.001), Eastern Europe (aHR 1.35, 95% CI [1.22,1.49], p < 0.001), and Asia (aHR 1.23, 95% CI [1.09,1.40], p = 0.001) had significantly greater risk of long COVID diagnosis than native Danes. In the analysis by largest countries of origin, the greater risks of long COVID diagnosis were found in people of Iraqi origin (aHR 1.56, 95% CI [1.30,1.88], p < 0.001), people of Turkish origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.24,1.63], p < 0.001), and people of Somali origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.07,1.91], p = 0.016). A significant factor associated with an increased risk of long COVID diagnosis was COVID-19 hospitalisation. The risk of long COVID diagnosis among ethnic minorities was more pronounced between January 2020 and June 2021. Furthermore, the odds of reporting cardiopulmonary symptoms (including dyspnoea, cough, and chest pain) and any long COVID symptoms were higher among people of North African, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, and Asian origins than among native Danes in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Despite including the nationwide sample of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, the precision of our estimates on long COVID was limited to the sample of patients with symptoms who had contacted the hospital.
Belonging to an ethnic minority group was significantly associated with an increased risk of long COVID, indicating the need to better understand long COVID drivers and address care and treatment strategies in these populations.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Comorbidity</subject><subject>Comparative analysis</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>Cough</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>COVID-19 vaccines</subject><subject>Denmark - epidemiology</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Dyspnea</subject><subject>Ethnic and Racial Minorities</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Long COVID</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Minorities</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Minority Groups</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Scandinavians and Nordic People</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Social aspects</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><issn>1549-1676</issn><issn>1549-1277</issn><issn>1549-1676</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>D8T</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqVk9tu1DAQhiMEoqXwBggsISGQyOJDsom5QauWw0oVlVroreU4k6y7ib3EDqUvwvPidNNqg4oEykWs8ff_Hs94ougpwTPCMvL2wvadkc1s00I5IxgnNMf3on2SJjwm82x-f2e9Fz1y7gJjyjHHD6M9lrMsIyTZj36dardGtkKNNTU6PDlfHiFpSiSds0pLDyVyV-3G29YhWXnokFS9B3S2OD2LAx5TpE0FymtrwgqBXxmtUKuN7bTX4N6hBTJy2L7UJaAOau2CTdxosw7myq5s55HzfXk16I_AtLJbP44eVLJx8GT8H0TfPn74evg5Pj75tDxcHMcqT7CPM8UUIcB4lVdzznOgKeU5rahUPKkUz_KSp0WaEVnQpEgLmUrCcEHKnJGCSMUOoudb301jnRhL6gTDc05yRgkPxHJLlFZeiE2nQ3pXwkotrgO2q4XsvFYNiKqCBKtMqYKH7KAsihSXlJcSGK54yoJXvPVyl7Dpi4nbGFqHFYg8yXEQHERv_sof6fPF9emuFzS0ng-pvh8v0xfhUSgwvpPNRDXdMXolavtDEMxJQq8dXo0Onf3eg_Oi1U5B00gDtneCcsrTBGecBvTFH-jd1RupWoYChZdiw8FqMBWLLJ9jFux26jKhajAQsrQGKh3CE352Bx--Elqt7hS8nggC4-Gnr2XvnFienf4H--Xf2ZPzKftyh12BbPzK2aYfRsNNwWQLqs4610F120GCxTD6N5UWw-iLcfSD7Nlu929FN7POfgMgp1QO</recordid><startdate>20240220</startdate><enddate>20240220</enddate><creator>Mkoma, George Frederick</creator><creator>Agyemang, Charles</creator><creator>Benfield, Thomas</creator><creator>Rostila, Mikael</creator><creator>Cederström, Agneta</creator><creator>Petersen, Jørgen Holm</creator><creator>Norredam, Marie</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISN</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>ABAVF</scope><scope>ADTPV</scope><scope>AOWAS</scope><scope>D8T</scope><scope>DG7</scope><scope>ZZAVC</scope><scope>DOA</scope><scope>CZK</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-3586</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-7443</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240220</creationdate><title>Risk of long COVID and associated symptoms after acute SARS-COV-2 infection in ethnic minorities: A nationwide register-linked cohort study in Denmark</title><author>Mkoma, George Frederick ; Agyemang, Charles ; Benfield, Thomas ; Rostila, Mikael ; Cederström, Agneta ; Petersen, Jørgen Holm ; Norredam, Marie</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c840t-7c3c11e39f8f6998e252982f2ac94fc978d95b571ab24b5ba5a130b1d831b1ac3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Comorbidity</topic><topic>Comparative analysis</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>Cough</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>SWEPUB Stockholms universitet full text</collection><collection>SwePub</collection><collection>SwePub Articles</collection><collection>SWEPUB Freely available online</collection><collection>SWEPUB Stockholms universitet</collection><collection>SwePub Articles full text</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><collection>PLoS Medicine</collection><jtitle>PLoS medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mkoma, George Frederick</au><au>Agyemang, Charles</au><au>Benfield, Thomas</au><au>Rostila, Mikael</au><au>Cederström, Agneta</au><au>Petersen, Jørgen Holm</au><au>Norredam, Marie</au><au>Mody, Aaloke</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Risk of long COVID and associated symptoms after acute SARS-COV-2 infection in ethnic minorities: A nationwide register-linked cohort study in Denmark</atitle><jtitle>PLoS medicine</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Med</addtitle><date>2024-02-20</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e1004280</spage><epage>e1004280</epage><pages>e1004280-e1004280</pages><issn>1549-1676</issn><issn>1549-1277</issn><eissn>1549-1676</eissn><abstract>Ethnic minorities living in high-income countries have been disproportionately affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in terms of infection rates, hospitalisations, and deaths; however, less is known about long COVID in these populations. Our aim was to examine the risk of long COVID and associated symptoms among ethnic minorities.
We used nationwide register-based cohort data on individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 aged ≥18 years (n = 2,287,175) between January 2020 and August 2022 in Denmark. We calculated the risk of long COVID diagnosis and long COVID symptoms among ethnic minorities compared with native Danes using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and logistic regression, respectively. Among individuals who were first time diagnosed with COVID-19 during the study period, 39,876 (1.7%) were hospitalised and 2,247,299 (98.3%) were nonhospitalised individuals. Of the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, 1,952,021 (85.3%) were native Danes and 335,154 (14.7%) were ethnic minorities. After adjustment for age, sex, civil status, education, family income, and Charlson comorbidity index, ethnic minorities from North Africa (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.12,1.79], p = 0.003), Middle East (aHR 1.38, 95% CI [1.24,1.55], p < 0.001), Eastern Europe (aHR 1.35, 95% CI [1.22,1.49], p < 0.001), and Asia (aHR 1.23, 95% CI [1.09,1.40], p = 0.001) had significantly greater risk of long COVID diagnosis than native Danes. In the analysis by largest countries of origin, the greater risks of long COVID diagnosis were found in people of Iraqi origin (aHR 1.56, 95% CI [1.30,1.88], p < 0.001), people of Turkish origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.24,1.63], p < 0.001), and people of Somali origin (aHR 1.42, 95% CI [1.07,1.91], p = 0.016). A significant factor associated with an increased risk of long COVID diagnosis was COVID-19 hospitalisation. The risk of long COVID diagnosis among ethnic minorities was more pronounced between January 2020 and June 2021. Furthermore, the odds of reporting cardiopulmonary symptoms (including dyspnoea, cough, and chest pain) and any long COVID symptoms were higher among people of North African, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, and Asian origins than among native Danes in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Despite including the nationwide sample of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, the precision of our estimates on long COVID was limited to the sample of patients with symptoms who had contacted the hospital.
Belonging to an ethnic minority group was significantly associated with an increased risk of long COVID, indicating the need to better understand long COVID drivers and address care and treatment strategies in these populations.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>38377114</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pmed.1004280</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8073-3586</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-7443</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1549-1676 |
| ispartof | PLoS medicine, 2024-02, Vol.21 (2), p.e1004280-e1004280 |
| issn | 1549-1676 1549-1277 1549-1676 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_3069183219 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; SWEPUB Freely available online; Public Library of Science (PLoS); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Biology and Life Sciences Cohort Studies Comorbidity Comparative analysis Coronaviruses Cough COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 vaccines Denmark - epidemiology Diagnosis Dyspnea Ethnic and Racial Minorities Ethnicity Health aspects Humans Immunization Infection Long COVID Medicine and Health Sciences Minorities Minority & ethnic groups Minority Groups People and Places Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome Respiration SARS-CoV-2 Scandinavians and Nordic People Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Social aspects Socioeconomic factors |
| title | Risk of long COVID and associated symptoms after acute SARS-COV-2 infection in ethnic minorities: A nationwide register-linked cohort study in Denmark |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-11T12%3A23%3A04IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Risk%20of%20long%20COVID%20and%20associated%20symptoms%20after%20acute%20SARS-COV-2%20infection%20in%20ethnic%20minorities:%20A%20nationwide%20register-linked%20cohort%20study%20in%20Denmark&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20medicine&rft.au=Mkoma,%20George%20Frederick&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=e1004280&rft.epage=e1004280&rft.pages=e1004280-e1004280&rft.issn=1549-1676&rft.eissn=1549-1676&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004280&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA786039543%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=3069183219&rft_id=info:pmid/38377114&rft_galeid=A786039543&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_ffe40c7ccb9840edbb50d29dae30f953&rfr_iscdi=true |