ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis plays a critical role in regulating pathogenesis of influenza A virus
Autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) is an essential autophagy effector enzyme. Although it is well known that autophagy plays crucial roles in the infections with various viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), function and underlying mechanism of ATG7 in infection and pathogenesis of IAV remain p...
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| creator | Chen, Biao Guo, Guijie Wang, Guoqing Zhu, Qianwen Wang, Lulu Shi, Wenhao Wang, Song Chen, Yuhai Chi, Xiaojuan Wen, Faxin Maarouf, Mohamed Huang, Shile Yang, Zhou Chen, Ji-Long |
| description | Autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) is an essential autophagy effector enzyme. Although it is well known that autophagy plays crucial roles in the infections with various viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), function and underlying mechanism of ATG7 in infection and pathogenesis of IAV remain poorly understood. Here, in vitro studies showed that ATG7 had profound effects on replication of IAV. Depletion of ATG7 markedly attenuated the replication of IAV, whereas overexpression of ATG7 facilitated the viral replication. ATG7 conditional knockout mice were further employed and exhibited significantly resistant to viral infections, as evidenced by a lower degree of tissue injury, slower body weight loss, and better survival, than the wild type animals challenged with either IAV (RNA virus) or pseudorabies virus (DNA virus). Interestingly, we found that ATG7 promoted the replication of IAV in autophagy-dependent and -independent manners, as inhibition of autophagy failed to completely block the upregulation of IAV replication by ATG7. To determine the autophagy-independent mechanism, transcriptome analysis was utilized and demonstrated that ATG7 restrained the production of interferons (IFNs). Loss of ATG7 obviously enhanced the expression of type I and III IFNs in ATG7-depleted cells and mice, whereas overexpression of ATG7 impaired the interferon response to IAV infection. Consistently, our experiments demonstrated that ATG7 significantly suppressed IRF3 activation during the IAV infection. Furthermore, we identified long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAPLINC as a critical regulator involved in the promotion of IAV replication by ATG7. Importantly, both inactivation of IRF3 and inhibition of IFN response caused by ATG7 were mediated through control over GAPLINC expression, suggesting that GAPLINC contributes to the suppression of antiviral immunity by ATG7. Together, these results uncover an autophagy-independent mechanism by which ATG7 suppresses host innate immunity and establish a critical role for ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis in regulating IAV infection and pathogenesis. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011958 |
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Although it is well known that autophagy plays crucial roles in the infections with various viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), function and underlying mechanism of ATG7 in infection and pathogenesis of IAV remain poorly understood. Here, in vitro studies showed that ATG7 had profound effects on replication of IAV. Depletion of ATG7 markedly attenuated the replication of IAV, whereas overexpression of ATG7 facilitated the viral replication. ATG7 conditional knockout mice were further employed and exhibited significantly resistant to viral infections, as evidenced by a lower degree of tissue injury, slower body weight loss, and better survival, than the wild type animals challenged with either IAV (RNA virus) or pseudorabies virus (DNA virus). Interestingly, we found that ATG7 promoted the replication of IAV in autophagy-dependent and -independent manners, as inhibition of autophagy failed to completely block the upregulation of IAV replication by ATG7. To determine the autophagy-independent mechanism, transcriptome analysis was utilized and demonstrated that ATG7 restrained the production of interferons (IFNs). Loss of ATG7 obviously enhanced the expression of type I and III IFNs in ATG7-depleted cells and mice, whereas overexpression of ATG7 impaired the interferon response to IAV infection. Consistently, our experiments demonstrated that ATG7 significantly suppressed IRF3 activation during the IAV infection. Furthermore, we identified long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAPLINC as a critical regulator involved in the promotion of IAV replication by ATG7. Importantly, both inactivation of IRF3 and inhibition of IFN response caused by ATG7 were mediated through control over GAPLINC expression, suggesting that GAPLINC contributes to the suppression of antiviral immunity by ATG7. Together, these results uncover an autophagy-independent mechanism by which ATG7 suppresses host innate immunity and establish a critical role for ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis in regulating IAV infection and pathogenesis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7366</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011958</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38227600</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Autophagy ; Autophagy (Cytology) ; Biological response modifiers ; Body weight ; Body weight loss ; Depletion ; DNA viruses ; Enzymes ; Gene mutations ; Health aspects ; Hepatitis C ; Inactivation ; Infections ; Influenza ; Influenza A ; Innate immunity ; Interferon ; Interferon regulatory factor 3 ; Kinases ; Pathogenesis ; Prevention ; Proteins ; Replication ; Ribonucleic acid ; Risk factors ; RNA ; RNA viruses ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Transcriptomes ; Viral infections ; Viruses ; Weight loss</subject><ispartof>PLoS pathogens, 2024-01, Vol.20 (1), p.e1011958-e1011958</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2024 Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2024 Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2024 Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-241d947ede02f9edba60cb2ff4347ede3dbba8539030de826f523c06a7c1cc023</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4274-0563</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1011958&type=printable$$EPDF$$P50$$Gplos$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1011958$$EHTML$$P50$$Gplos$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,864,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38227600$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Gallagher, Tom</contributor><creatorcontrib>Chen, Biao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Guijie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Guoqing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Qianwen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lulu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Wenhao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Song</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Yuhai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chi, Xiaojuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wen, Faxin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maarouf, Mohamed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Shile</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Zhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Ji-Long</creatorcontrib><title>ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis plays a critical role in regulating pathogenesis of influenza A virus</title><title>PLoS pathogens</title><addtitle>PLoS Pathog</addtitle><description>Autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) is an essential autophagy effector enzyme. Although it is well known that autophagy plays crucial roles in the infections with various viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), function and underlying mechanism of ATG7 in infection and pathogenesis of IAV remain poorly understood. Here, in vitro studies showed that ATG7 had profound effects on replication of IAV. Depletion of ATG7 markedly attenuated the replication of IAV, whereas overexpression of ATG7 facilitated the viral replication. ATG7 conditional knockout mice were further employed and exhibited significantly resistant to viral infections, as evidenced by a lower degree of tissue injury, slower body weight loss, and better survival, than the wild type animals challenged with either IAV (RNA virus) or pseudorabies virus (DNA virus). Interestingly, we found that ATG7 promoted the replication of IAV in autophagy-dependent and -independent manners, as inhibition of autophagy failed to completely block the upregulation of IAV replication by ATG7. To determine the autophagy-independent mechanism, transcriptome analysis was utilized and demonstrated that ATG7 restrained the production of interferons (IFNs). Loss of ATG7 obviously enhanced the expression of type I and III IFNs in ATG7-depleted cells and mice, whereas overexpression of ATG7 impaired the interferon response to IAV infection. Consistently, our experiments demonstrated that ATG7 significantly suppressed IRF3 activation during the IAV infection. Furthermore, we identified long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAPLINC as a critical regulator involved in the promotion of IAV replication by ATG7. Importantly, both inactivation of IRF3 and inhibition of IFN response caused by ATG7 were mediated through control over GAPLINC expression, suggesting that GAPLINC contributes to the suppression of antiviral immunity by ATG7. Together, these results uncover an autophagy-independent mechanism by which ATG7 suppresses host innate immunity and establish a critical role for ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis in regulating IAV infection and pathogenesis.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Autophagy</subject><subject>Autophagy (Cytology)</subject><subject>Biological response modifiers</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Body weight loss</subject><subject>Depletion</subject><subject>DNA viruses</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Gene mutations</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hepatitis C</subject><subject>Inactivation</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Influenza</subject><subject>Influenza A</subject><subject>Innate immunity</subject><subject>Interferon</subject><subject>Interferon regulatory factor 3</subject><subject>Kinases</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Replication</subject><subject>Ribonucleic acid</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>RNA</subject><subject>RNA viruses</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Transcriptomes</subject><subject>Viral infections</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>Weight 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of influenza A virus</title><author>Chen, Biao ; Guo, Guijie ; Wang, Guoqing ; Zhu, Qianwen ; Wang, Lulu ; Shi, Wenhao ; Wang, Song ; Chen, Yuhai ; Chi, Xiaojuan ; Wen, Faxin ; Maarouf, Mohamed ; Huang, Shile ; Yang, Zhou ; Chen, Ji-Long</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c555t-241d947ede02f9edba60cb2ff4347ede3dbba8539030de826f523c06a7c1cc023</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Autophagy</topic><topic>Autophagy (Cytology)</topic><topic>Biological response modifiers</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Body weight loss</topic><topic>Depletion</topic><topic>DNA viruses</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Gene mutations</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Hepatitis C</topic><topic>Inactivation</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Influenza</topic><topic>Influenza A</topic><topic>Innate immunity</topic><topic>Interferon</topic><topic>Interferon regulatory factor 3</topic><topic>Kinases</topic><topic>Pathogenesis</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Replication</topic><topic>Ribonucleic acid</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>RNA</topic><topic>RNA viruses</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Transcriptomes</topic><topic>Viral infections</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><topic>Weight loss</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chen, Biao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guo, Guijie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Guoqing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Qianwen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Lulu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Wenhao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Song</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Yuhai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chi, Xiaojuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wen, 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Tom</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis plays a critical role in regulating pathogenesis of influenza A virus</atitle><jtitle>PLoS pathogens</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Pathog</addtitle><date>2024-01-16</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e1011958</spage><epage>e1011958</epage><pages>e1011958-e1011958</pages><issn>1553-7374</issn><issn>1553-7366</issn><eissn>1553-7374</eissn><abstract>Autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7) is an essential autophagy effector enzyme. Although it is well known that autophagy plays crucial roles in the infections with various viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), function and underlying mechanism of ATG7 in infection and pathogenesis of IAV remain poorly understood. Here, in vitro studies showed that ATG7 had profound effects on replication of IAV. Depletion of ATG7 markedly attenuated the replication of IAV, whereas overexpression of ATG7 facilitated the viral replication. ATG7 conditional knockout mice were further employed and exhibited significantly resistant to viral infections, as evidenced by a lower degree of tissue injury, slower body weight loss, and better survival, than the wild type animals challenged with either IAV (RNA virus) or pseudorabies virus (DNA virus). Interestingly, we found that ATG7 promoted the replication of IAV in autophagy-dependent and -independent manners, as inhibition of autophagy failed to completely block the upregulation of IAV replication by ATG7. To determine the autophagy-independent mechanism, transcriptome analysis was utilized and demonstrated that ATG7 restrained the production of interferons (IFNs). Loss of ATG7 obviously enhanced the expression of type I and III IFNs in ATG7-depleted cells and mice, whereas overexpression of ATG7 impaired the interferon response to IAV infection. Consistently, our experiments demonstrated that ATG7 significantly suppressed IRF3 activation during the IAV infection. Furthermore, we identified long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) GAPLINC as a critical regulator involved in the promotion of IAV replication by ATG7. Importantly, both inactivation of IRF3 and inhibition of IFN response caused by ATG7 were mediated through control over GAPLINC expression, suggesting that GAPLINC contributes to the suppression of antiviral immunity by ATG7. Together, these results uncover an autophagy-independent mechanism by which ATG7 suppresses host innate immunity and establish a critical role for ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis in regulating IAV infection and pathogenesis.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>38227600</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.ppat.1011958</doi><tpages>e1011958</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-0563</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Analysis Autophagy Autophagy (Cytology) Biological response modifiers Body weight Body weight loss Depletion DNA viruses Enzymes Gene mutations Health aspects Hepatitis C Inactivation Infections Influenza Influenza A Innate immunity Interferon Interferon regulatory factor 3 Kinases Pathogenesis Prevention Proteins Replication Ribonucleic acid Risk factors RNA RNA viruses Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Transcriptomes Viral infections Viruses Weight loss |
| title | ATG7/GAPLINC/IRF3 axis plays a critical role in regulating pathogenesis of influenza A virus |
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