Toll receptor ligand Spätzle 4 responses to the highly pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis from Varroa mites in honeybees

Honeybees play a major role in crop pollination, which supports the agricultural economy and international food supply. The colony health of honeybees is threatened by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, which inflicts physical injury on the hosts and serves as the vector for variable viruses. Rec...

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Veröffentlicht in:PLoS pathogens 2023-12, Vol.19 (12), p.e1011897-e1011897
Hauptverfasser: Zhang, Wenhao, Sun, Cheng, Lang, Haoyu, Wang, Jieni, Li, Xinyu, Guo, Jun, Zhang, Zijing, Zheng, Hao
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container_issue 12
container_start_page e1011897
container_title PLoS pathogens
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creator Zhang, Wenhao
Sun, Cheng
Lang, Haoyu
Wang, Jieni
Li, Xinyu
Guo, Jun
Zhang, Zijing
Zheng, Hao
description Honeybees play a major role in crop pollination, which supports the agricultural economy and international food supply. The colony health of honeybees is threatened by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, which inflicts physical injury on the hosts and serves as the vector for variable viruses. Recently, it shows that V. destructor may also transmit bacteria through the feeding wound, yet it remains unclear whether the invading bacteria can exhibit pathogenicity to the honeybees. Here, we incidentally isolate Enterococcus faecalis, one of the most abundant bacteria in Varroa mites, from dead bees during our routine generation of microbiota-free bees in the lab. In vivo tests show that E. faecalis is only pathogenic in Apis mellifera but not in Apis cerana. The expression of antimicrobial peptide genes is elevated following infection in A. cerana. The gene-based molecular evolution analysis identifies positive selection of genes encoding Späetzle 4 (Spz4) in A. cerana, a signaling protein in the Toll pathway. The amino acid sites under positive selection are related to structural changes in Spz4 protein, suggesting improvement of immunity in A. cerana. The knock-down of Spz4 in A. cerana significantly reduces the survival rates under E. faecalis challenge and the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. Our results indicate that bacteria associated with Varroa mites are pathogenic to adult bees, and the positively selected gene Spz4 in A. cerana is crucial in response to this mite-related pathogen.
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011897
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The colony health of honeybees is threatened by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, which inflicts physical injury on the hosts and serves as the vector for variable viruses. Recently, it shows that V. destructor may also transmit bacteria through the feeding wound, yet it remains unclear whether the invading bacteria can exhibit pathogenicity to the honeybees. Here, we incidentally isolate Enterococcus faecalis, one of the most abundant bacteria in Varroa mites, from dead bees during our routine generation of microbiota-free bees in the lab. In vivo tests show that E. faecalis is only pathogenic in Apis mellifera but not in Apis cerana. The expression of antimicrobial peptide genes is elevated following infection in A. cerana. The gene-based molecular evolution analysis identifies positive selection of genes encoding Späetzle 4 (Spz4) in A. cerana, a signaling protein in the Toll pathway. 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subjects Amino acids
Analysis
Animals
Antimicrobial Peptides
Apis mellifera
Bacteria
Bees
Biology and Life Sciences
Casualties
Composition
Control
Diseases
Enterococcal infections
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecalis - genetics
Evolutionary genetics
Food
Food supply
Gene expression
Genes
Genetic aspects
Genetic vectors
Genomes
Growth
Health aspects
Honeybee
In vivo methods and tests
Infections
Ligands
Medicine and Health Sciences
Microbiota
Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms)
Mites
Molecular evolution
Mortality
Pathogenicity
Pathogens
Pollination
Positive selection
Prevention
Proteins
Risk factors
Sucrose
Survival
Varroa destructor
Varroidae - physiology
Virulence
title Toll receptor ligand Spätzle 4 responses to the highly pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis from Varroa mites in honeybees
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