High transmission efficiency of the simian malaria vectors and population expansion of their parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui
The elimination of malaria in Southeast Asia has become more challenging as a result of rising knowlesi malaria cases. In addition, naturally occurring human infections with other zoonotic simian malaria caused by Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui adds another level of complexity in malaria e...
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| creator | Jeyaprakasam, Nantha Kumar Low, Van Lun Pramasivan, Sandthya Liew, Jonathan Wee Kent Wan-Sulaiman, Wan-Yusoff Vythilingam, Indra |
| description | The elimination of malaria in Southeast Asia has become more challenging as a result of rising knowlesi malaria cases. In addition, naturally occurring human infections with other zoonotic simian malaria caused by Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui adds another level of complexity in malaria elimination in this region. Unfortunately, data on vectors which are responsible for transmitting this zoonotic disease is very limited.
We conducted longitudinal studies to investigate the entomological parameters of the simian malaria vectors and to examine the genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern of their simian Plasmodium. All the captured Anopheles mosquitoes were dissected to examine for the presence of oocysts, sporozoites and to determine the parous rate. Our study revealed that the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group mosquitoes are highly potential competent vectors, as evidenced by their high rate of parity, survival and sporozoite infections in these mosquitoes. Thus, these mosquitoes represent a risk of human infection with zoonotic simian malaria in this region. Haplotype analysis on P. cynomolgi and P. inui, found in high prevalence in the Anopheles mosquitoes from this study, had shown close relationship between simian Plasmodium from the Anopheles mosquitoes with its vertebrate hosts. This directly signifies the ongoing transmission between the vector, macaques, and humans. Furthermore, population genetic analysis showed significant negative values which suggest that both Plasmodium species are undergoing population expansion.
With constant microevolutionary processes, there are potential for both P. inui and P. cynomolgi to emerge and spread as a major public health problem, following the similar trend of P. knowlesi. Therefore, concerted vector studies in other parts of Southeast Asia are warranted to better comprehend the transmission dynamics of this zoonotic simian malaria which eventually would aid in the implementation of effective control measures in a rapidly changing environment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011438 |
| format | Article |
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We conducted longitudinal studies to investigate the entomological parameters of the simian malaria vectors and to examine the genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern of their simian Plasmodium. All the captured Anopheles mosquitoes were dissected to examine for the presence of oocysts, sporozoites and to determine the parous rate. Our study revealed that the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group mosquitoes are highly potential competent vectors, as evidenced by their high rate of parity, survival and sporozoite infections in these mosquitoes. Thus, these mosquitoes represent a risk of human infection with zoonotic simian malaria in this region. Haplotype analysis on P. cynomolgi and P. inui, found in high prevalence in the Anopheles mosquitoes from this study, had shown close relationship between simian Plasmodium from the Anopheles mosquitoes with its vertebrate hosts. This directly signifies the ongoing transmission between the vector, macaques, and humans. Furthermore, population genetic analysis showed significant negative values which suggest that both Plasmodium species are undergoing population expansion.
With constant microevolutionary processes, there are potential for both P. inui and P. cynomolgi to emerge and spread as a major public health problem, following the similar trend of P. knowlesi. Therefore, concerted vector studies in other parts of Southeast Asia are warranted to better comprehend the transmission dynamics of this zoonotic simian malaria which eventually would aid in the implementation of effective control measures in a rapidly changing environment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011438</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37384790</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Anopheles ; Aquatic insects ; Binomial distribution ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Changing environments ; Culicidae ; Diagnosis ; Disease transmission ; Distribution ; Environmental changes ; Evolution ; Genetic analysis ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic variation ; Haplotypes ; Health risks ; Human diseases ; Longitudinal studies ; Malaria ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mosquitoes ; Oocysts ; Parasites ; People and Places ; Plasmodium ; Plasmodium cynomolgi ; Plasmodium inui ; Population genetics ; Population growth ; Public health ; Sporozoites ; Statistical analysis ; Survival ; Transmission ; Transmission efficiency ; Tropical diseases ; Variance analysis ; Vector-borne diseases ; Vectors ; Vertebrates ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2023-06, Vol.17 (6), p.e0011438-e0011438</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2023 Jeyaprakasam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2023 Jeyaprakasam et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 Jeyaprakasam et al 2023 Jeyaprakasam et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c559t-364b4b895ce39f67d0bb14847f22c8d6b91d82d5cb564642d83ec9912ac620113</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c559t-364b4b895ce39f67d0bb14847f22c8d6b91d82d5cb564642d83ec9912ac620113</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3952-7996</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10337973/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10337973/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37384790$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jeyaprakasam, Nantha Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Low, Van Lun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pramasivan, Sandthya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liew, Jonathan Wee Kent</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wan-Sulaiman, Wan-Yusoff</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vythilingam, Indra</creatorcontrib><title>High transmission efficiency of the simian malaria vectors and population expansion of their parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><description>The elimination of malaria in Southeast Asia has become more challenging as a result of rising knowlesi malaria cases. In addition, naturally occurring human infections with other zoonotic simian malaria caused by Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui adds another level of complexity in malaria elimination in this region. Unfortunately, data on vectors which are responsible for transmitting this zoonotic disease is very limited.
We conducted longitudinal studies to investigate the entomological parameters of the simian malaria vectors and to examine the genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern of their simian Plasmodium. All the captured Anopheles mosquitoes were dissected to examine for the presence of oocysts, sporozoites and to determine the parous rate. Our study revealed that the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group mosquitoes are highly potential competent vectors, as evidenced by their high rate of parity, survival and sporozoite infections in these mosquitoes. Thus, these mosquitoes represent a risk of human infection with zoonotic simian malaria in this region. Haplotype analysis on P. cynomolgi and P. inui, found in high prevalence in the Anopheles mosquitoes from this study, had shown close relationship between simian Plasmodium from the Anopheles mosquitoes with its vertebrate hosts. This directly signifies the ongoing transmission between the vector, macaques, and humans. Furthermore, population genetic analysis showed significant negative values which suggest that both Plasmodium species are undergoing population expansion.
With constant microevolutionary processes, there are potential for both P. inui and P. cynomolgi to emerge and spread as a major public health problem, following the similar trend of P. knowlesi. Therefore, concerted vector studies in other parts of Southeast Asia are warranted to better comprehend the transmission dynamics of this zoonotic simian malaria which eventually would aid in the implementation of effective control measures in a rapidly changing environment.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Anopheles</subject><subject>Aquatic insects</subject><subject>Binomial distribution</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Changing environments</subject><subject>Culicidae</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Distribution</subject><subject>Environmental changes</subject><subject>Evolution</subject><subject>Genetic analysis</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Genetic variation</subject><subject>Haplotypes</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Human diseases</subject><subject>Longitudinal studies</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Medicine and Health 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jeyaprakasam, Nantha Kumar</au><au>Low, Van Lun</au><au>Pramasivan, Sandthya</au><au>Liew, Jonathan Wee Kent</au><au>Wan-Sulaiman, Wan-Yusoff</au><au>Vythilingam, Indra</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High transmission efficiency of the simian malaria vectors and population expansion of their parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><date>2023-06-29</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0011438</spage><epage>e0011438</epage><pages>e0011438-e0011438</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>The elimination of malaria in Southeast Asia has become more challenging as a result of rising knowlesi malaria cases. In addition, naturally occurring human infections with other zoonotic simian malaria caused by Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui adds another level of complexity in malaria elimination in this region. Unfortunately, data on vectors which are responsible for transmitting this zoonotic disease is very limited.
We conducted longitudinal studies to investigate the entomological parameters of the simian malaria vectors and to examine the genetic diversity and evolutionary pattern of their simian Plasmodium. All the captured Anopheles mosquitoes were dissected to examine for the presence of oocysts, sporozoites and to determine the parous rate. Our study revealed that the Anopheles Leucosphyrus Group mosquitoes are highly potential competent vectors, as evidenced by their high rate of parity, survival and sporozoite infections in these mosquitoes. Thus, these mosquitoes represent a risk of human infection with zoonotic simian malaria in this region. Haplotype analysis on P. cynomolgi and P. inui, found in high prevalence in the Anopheles mosquitoes from this study, had shown close relationship between simian Plasmodium from the Anopheles mosquitoes with its vertebrate hosts. This directly signifies the ongoing transmission between the vector, macaques, and humans. Furthermore, population genetic analysis showed significant negative values which suggest that both Plasmodium species are undergoing population expansion.
With constant microevolutionary processes, there are potential for both P. inui and P. cynomolgi to emerge and spread as a major public health problem, following the similar trend of P. knowlesi. Therefore, concerted vector studies in other parts of Southeast Asia are warranted to better comprehend the transmission dynamics of this zoonotic simian malaria which eventually would aid in the implementation of effective control measures in a rapidly changing environment.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>37384790</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0011438</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3952-7996</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Analysis Anopheles Aquatic insects Binomial distribution Biology and Life Sciences Changing environments Culicidae Diagnosis Disease transmission Distribution Environmental changes Evolution Genetic analysis Genetic diversity Genetic variation Haplotypes Health risks Human diseases Longitudinal studies Malaria Medicine and Health Sciences Mosquitoes Oocysts Parasites People and Places Plasmodium Plasmodium cynomolgi Plasmodium inui Population genetics Population growth Public health Sporozoites Statistical analysis Survival Transmission Transmission efficiency Tropical diseases Variance analysis Vector-borne diseases Vectors Vertebrates Zoonoses |
| title | High transmission efficiency of the simian malaria vectors and population expansion of their parasites Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium inui |
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