Relationship between physical performance and perception of stress and recovery in daily life post COVID-19-An explorative study
COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease which can target the lungs and the cardiovascular system and can also affect parts of the brain for prolonged periods of time. Even healthy athletes without comorbidities can be psychologically affected long-term by COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate athle...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2023-05, Vol.18 (5), p.e0285845-e0285845 |
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| creator | Zorn, Jule Vollrath, Shirin Matits, Lynn Schönfelder, Martin Schulz, Sebastian V W Jerg, Achim Steinacker, Jürgen M Bizjak, Daniel A |
| description | COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease which can target the lungs and the cardiovascular system and can also affect parts of the brain for prolonged periods of time. Even healthy athletes without comorbidities can be psychologically affected long-term by COVID-19.
This study aimed to investigate athletes' perceived mental stress and recovery levels in daily life, and their maximal aerobic power, at three different time points, post COVID-19.
In total, 99 athletes (62.6% male), who had been infected by COVID-19, filled out the Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (REST-Q-Sport) and completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (endpoint maximal aerobic power output (Pmax)) at the initial screening (t1: 4 months after infection). Follow-up assessments occurred three (t2, n = 37) and seven months after t1 (t3, n = 19).
Subgroup means from the Recovery category were significantly below the reference value of four at all three time points, except "General Recovery" (3.76 (± 0.96), p = 0.275, d = 0.968) at t3."Overtiredness" (2.34 (± 1.27), p = 0.020, r = 0.224) was significantly above the reference value of two at t1, while all other Stress subgroups were not significantly different from the reference value or were significantly below the maximum threshold of two at t1, t2 and t3. Spearman's ρ revealed a negative association between Pmax and the subcategories of stress (ρ = -0.54 to ρ = -0.11, p < 0.050), and positive correlations between Pmax and "Somatic Recovery" (ρ = 0.43, p < 0.001) and "General Recovery" (ρ = 0.23, p = 0.040) at t1. Pmax (t1: 3.83 (± 0.99), t2: 3.78 (± 1.14), β = 0.06, p < 0.003) increased significantly from t1 to t2. In addition, REST-Q-Sport indicated a decrease in "Sleep" (t2 = 2.35 (± 0.62), t3 = 2.28(± 0.61), β = -0.18, p < 0.023) at t3, when compared to t2.
The perceived recovery seems to be negatively affected in post COVID-19 athletes. Physical performance post COVID-19 correlates with both "Emotional and Somatic Stress" and "Somatic and General Recovery", indicating potential mental and physical benefits of exercise. While it is evident that COVID-19, like other viral infections, may have an influence on physical performance, monitoring stress and recovery perceptions of athletes is critical to facilitate their return-to-sports, while minimizing long-term COVID-19 induced negative effects like the athletic objective and subjective perceived recovery and stress levels. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0285845 |
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This study aimed to investigate athletes' perceived mental stress and recovery levels in daily life, and their maximal aerobic power, at three different time points, post COVID-19.
In total, 99 athletes (62.6% male), who had been infected by COVID-19, filled out the Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (REST-Q-Sport) and completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (endpoint maximal aerobic power output (Pmax)) at the initial screening (t1: 4 months after infection). Follow-up assessments occurred three (t2, n = 37) and seven months after t1 (t3, n = 19).
Subgroup means from the Recovery category were significantly below the reference value of four at all three time points, except "General Recovery" (3.76 (± 0.96), p = 0.275, d = 0.968) at t3."Overtiredness" (2.34 (± 1.27), p = 0.020, r = 0.224) was significantly above the reference value of two at t1, while all other Stress subgroups were not significantly different from the reference value or were significantly below the maximum threshold of two at t1, t2 and t3. Spearman's ρ revealed a negative association between Pmax and the subcategories of stress (ρ = -0.54 to ρ = -0.11, p < 0.050), and positive correlations between Pmax and "Somatic Recovery" (ρ = 0.43, p < 0.001) and "General Recovery" (ρ = 0.23, p = 0.040) at t1. Pmax (t1: 3.83 (± 0.99), t2: 3.78 (± 1.14), β = 0.06, p < 0.003) increased significantly from t1 to t2. In addition, REST-Q-Sport indicated a decrease in "Sleep" (t2 = 2.35 (± 0.62), t3 = 2.28(± 0.61), β = -0.18, p < 0.023) at t3, when compared to t2.
The perceived recovery seems to be negatively affected in post COVID-19 athletes. Physical performance post COVID-19 correlates with both "Emotional and Somatic Stress" and "Somatic and General Recovery", indicating potential mental and physical benefits of exercise. While it is evident that COVID-19, like other viral infections, may have an influence on physical performance, monitoring stress and recovery perceptions of athletes is critical to facilitate their return-to-sports, while minimizing long-term COVID-19 induced negative effects like the athletic objective and subjective perceived recovery and stress levels.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285845</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37186604</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Athletes ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Body mass index ; Cardiovascular system ; Comorbidity ; Control ; COVID-19 ; Disease ; Epidemics ; Evaluation ; Exercise ; Fatigue ; Female ; Germany ; Humans ; Infections ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental health ; Pandemics ; Perception ; Physical fitness ; Physical Functional Performance ; Psychological stress ; Public health administration ; Questionnaires ; Recovery ; Recovery (Medical) ; Social aspects ; Social Sciences ; Sports ; Stress ; Subgroups ; Viral diseases</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2023-05, Vol.18 (5), p.e0285845-e0285845</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2023 Zorn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2023 Zorn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 Zorn et al 2023 Zorn et al</rights><rights>2023 Zorn et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c693t-bb43af22e574d85a520ac4fcff51dcd62e6d048e504f0f8cc67e97e31df2b1ff3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c693t-bb43af22e574d85a520ac4fcff51dcd62e6d048e504f0f8cc67e97e31df2b1ff3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5678-9483 ; 0000-0001-8901-9450 ; 0000-0003-4075-0204 ; 0000-0002-3003-3378</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10184944/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10184944/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37186604$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zorn, Jule</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vollrath, Shirin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matits, Lynn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schönfelder, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schulz, Sebastian V W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jerg, Achim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Steinacker, Jürgen M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bizjak, Daniel A</creatorcontrib><title>Relationship between physical performance and perception of stress and recovery in daily life post COVID-19-An explorative study</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease which can target the lungs and the cardiovascular system and can also affect parts of the brain for prolonged periods of time. Even healthy athletes without comorbidities can be psychologically affected long-term by COVID-19.
This study aimed to investigate athletes' perceived mental stress and recovery levels in daily life, and their maximal aerobic power, at three different time points, post COVID-19.
In total, 99 athletes (62.6% male), who had been infected by COVID-19, filled out the Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (REST-Q-Sport) and completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (endpoint maximal aerobic power output (Pmax)) at the initial screening (t1: 4 months after infection). Follow-up assessments occurred three (t2, n = 37) and seven months after t1 (t3, n = 19).
Subgroup means from the Recovery category were significantly below the reference value of four at all three time points, except "General Recovery" (3.76 (± 0.96), p = 0.275, d = 0.968) at t3."Overtiredness" (2.34 (± 1.27), p = 0.020, r = 0.224) was significantly above the reference value of two at t1, while all other Stress subgroups were not significantly different from the reference value or were significantly below the maximum threshold of two at t1, t2 and t3. Spearman's ρ revealed a negative association between Pmax and the subcategories of stress (ρ = -0.54 to ρ = -0.11, p < 0.050), and positive correlations between Pmax and "Somatic Recovery" (ρ = 0.43, p < 0.001) and "General Recovery" (ρ = 0.23, p = 0.040) at t1. Pmax (t1: 3.83 (± 0.99), t2: 3.78 (± 1.14), β = 0.06, p < 0.003) increased significantly from t1 to t2. In addition, REST-Q-Sport indicated a decrease in "Sleep" (t2 = 2.35 (± 0.62), t3 = 2.28(± 0.61), β = -0.18, p < 0.023) at t3, when compared to t2.
The perceived recovery seems to be negatively affected in post COVID-19 athletes. Physical performance post COVID-19 correlates with both "Emotional and Somatic Stress" and "Somatic and General Recovery", indicating potential mental and physical benefits of exercise. While it is evident that COVID-19, like other viral infections, may have an influence on physical performance, monitoring stress and recovery perceptions of athletes is critical to facilitate their return-to-sports, while minimizing long-term COVID-19 induced negative effects like the athletic objective and subjective perceived recovery and stress levels.</description><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>Cardiovascular system</subject><subject>Comorbidity</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Fatigue</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Germany</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mental 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A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Relationship between physical performance and perception of stress and recovery in daily life post COVID-19-An explorative study</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2023-05-15</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>e0285845</spage><epage>e0285845</epage><pages>e0285845-e0285845</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease which can target the lungs and the cardiovascular system and can also affect parts of the brain for prolonged periods of time. Even healthy athletes without comorbidities can be psychologically affected long-term by COVID-19.
This study aimed to investigate athletes' perceived mental stress and recovery levels in daily life, and their maximal aerobic power, at three different time points, post COVID-19.
In total, 99 athletes (62.6% male), who had been infected by COVID-19, filled out the Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (REST-Q-Sport) and completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (endpoint maximal aerobic power output (Pmax)) at the initial screening (t1: 4 months after infection). Follow-up assessments occurred three (t2, n = 37) and seven months after t1 (t3, n = 19).
Subgroup means from the Recovery category were significantly below the reference value of four at all three time points, except "General Recovery" (3.76 (± 0.96), p = 0.275, d = 0.968) at t3."Overtiredness" (2.34 (± 1.27), p = 0.020, r = 0.224) was significantly above the reference value of two at t1, while all other Stress subgroups were not significantly different from the reference value or were significantly below the maximum threshold of two at t1, t2 and t3. Spearman's ρ revealed a negative association between Pmax and the subcategories of stress (ρ = -0.54 to ρ = -0.11, p < 0.050), and positive correlations between Pmax and "Somatic Recovery" (ρ = 0.43, p < 0.001) and "General Recovery" (ρ = 0.23, p = 0.040) at t1. Pmax (t1: 3.83 (± 0.99), t2: 3.78 (± 1.14), β = 0.06, p < 0.003) increased significantly from t1 to t2. In addition, REST-Q-Sport indicated a decrease in "Sleep" (t2 = 2.35 (± 0.62), t3 = 2.28(± 0.61), β = -0.18, p < 0.023) at t3, when compared to t2.
The perceived recovery seems to be negatively affected in post COVID-19 athletes. Physical performance post COVID-19 correlates with both "Emotional and Somatic Stress" and "Somatic and General Recovery", indicating potential mental and physical benefits of exercise. While it is evident that COVID-19, like other viral infections, may have an influence on physical performance, monitoring stress and recovery perceptions of athletes is critical to facilitate their return-to-sports, while minimizing long-term COVID-19 induced negative effects like the athletic objective and subjective perceived recovery and stress levels.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>37186604</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0285845</doi><tpages>e0285845</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-9483</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-9450</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-0204</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-3378</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2023-05, Vol.18 (5), p.e0285845-e0285845 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2813857537 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Athletes Biology and Life Sciences Body mass index Cardiovascular system Comorbidity Control COVID-19 Disease Epidemics Evaluation Exercise Fatigue Female Germany Humans Infections Male Medicine and Health Sciences Mental health Pandemics Perception Physical fitness Physical Functional Performance Psychological stress Public health administration Questionnaires Recovery Recovery (Medical) Social aspects Social Sciences Sports Stress Subgroups Viral diseases |
| title | Relationship between physical performance and perception of stress and recovery in daily life post COVID-19-An explorative study |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-01T21%3A48%3A51IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Relationship%20between%20physical%20performance%20and%20perception%20of%20stress%20and%20recovery%20in%20daily%20life%20post%20COVID-19-An%20explorative%20study&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Zorn,%20Jule&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=e0285845&rft.epage=e0285845&rft.pages=e0285845-e0285845&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0285845&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA749380321%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2813857537&rft_id=info:pmid/37186604&rft_galeid=A749380321&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_585c977214b34f909cf461948b883777&rfr_iscdi=true |