Variation in salivary cortisol responses in yearling Thoroughbred racehorses during their first year of training
Thoroughbred horses are bred for competitive racing and undergo intense training regimes. The maintenance of physical soundness and desirable behavioural characteristics are critical to the longevity of a racing career. Horses intended for Flat racing generally enter training as yearlings and underg...
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| description | Thoroughbred horses are bred for competitive racing and undergo intense training regimes. The maintenance of physical soundness and desirable behavioural characteristics are critical to the longevity of a racing career. Horses intended for Flat racing generally enter training as yearlings and undergo introductory training prior to exercise conditioning for racing. This period requires rapid adjustment to a novel environment. As a prey animal, a horse's 'fight-or-flight' response is highly adapted, in which a well-understood component of this response, the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis, is activated in response to a stress stimulus, releasing cortisol. In the Thoroughbred, a significant difference in salivary cortisol concentrations between pre- and post-first time ridden (i.e., first backing) by a jockey have previously been identified. Here, to test the hypothesis that salivary cortisol concentrations may be used to objectively detect individual variations in the acute physiological stress response we investigate individual variation in cortisol response to training milestones. Saliva samples were collected from a cohort of n = 96 yearling Flat racehorses, at the same training yard, across three timepoints at rest: before entering the training yard (n = 66), within three days of entry to the training yard (n = 67) and following 2-3 weeks in the training yard (n = 50). Salivary cortisol concentration was measured using an ELISA. There was no significant difference in cortisol concentration (ANOVA, P > 0.05) across the samples collected at timepoints at rest. Samples were also collected before and 30 minutes after exposure to three novel training events: first time long-reined (n = 6), first time backed by a jockey (n = 34), and first time ridden on the gallops (n = 10). Mean salivary cortisol concentration after all three novel training events was significantly higher than prior to the training event (Paired t-test, P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0284102 |
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The maintenance of physical soundness and desirable behavioural characteristics are critical to the longevity of a racing career. Horses intended for Flat racing generally enter training as yearlings and undergo introductory training prior to exercise conditioning for racing. This period requires rapid adjustment to a novel environment. As a prey animal, a horse's 'fight-or-flight' response is highly adapted, in which a well-understood component of this response, the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis, is activated in response to a stress stimulus, releasing cortisol. In the Thoroughbred, a significant difference in salivary cortisol concentrations between pre- and post-first time ridden (i.e., first backing) by a jockey have previously been identified. Here, to test the hypothesis that salivary cortisol concentrations may be used to objectively detect individual variations in the acute physiological stress response we investigate individual variation in cortisol response to training milestones. Saliva samples were collected from a cohort of n = 96 yearling Flat racehorses, at the same training yard, across three timepoints at rest: before entering the training yard (n = 66), within three days of entry to the training yard (n = 67) and following 2-3 weeks in the training yard (n = 50). Salivary cortisol concentration was measured using an ELISA. There was no significant difference in cortisol concentration (ANOVA, P > 0.05) across the samples collected at timepoints at rest. Samples were also collected before and 30 minutes after exposure to three novel training events: first time long-reined (n = 6), first time backed by a jockey (n = 34), and first time ridden on the gallops (n = 10). Mean salivary cortisol concentration after all three novel training events was significantly higher than prior to the training event (Paired t-test, P <0.005). The ranges of post-event salivary cortisol concentration across all timepoints suggest individual variation in the measured stress response, reflecting individual differences in stress response to the early training environment. This measure may be used as an objective assessment of the stress response of Thoroughbred racehorses during training.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284102</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37023093</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animal cognition ; Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Careers ; Corticosteroids ; Cortisol ; Defensive behavior ; Hormones ; Horse Diseases ; Horses ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypothalamus ; Measurement ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Physical Examination ; Physical training ; Physiological aspects ; Pituitary ; Prey ; Race horses ; Racehorse training ; Racehorses ; Racing ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Rest ; Running ; Saliva ; Social Sciences ; Stress ; Stress (physiology) ; Stress (Psychology) ; Stress response ; Thoroughbred horse ; Training ; Variance analysis ; Variation</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2023-04, Vol.18 (4), p.e0284102-e0284102</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2023 Holtby et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2023 Holtby et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2023 Holtby et al 2023 Holtby et al</rights><rights>2023 Holtby et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c693t-968947dfee1a4d97303544d3ca39b5d6eef3b38e66757f4bf46eca0243806a1d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c693t-968947dfee1a4d97303544d3ca39b5d6eef3b38e66757f4bf46eca0243806a1d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7307-6159</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10079128/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10079128/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,315,728,781,785,865,886,2103,2929,23868,27926,27927,53793,53795</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37023093$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Rogers, Chris</contributor><creatorcontrib>Holtby, Amy R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McGivney, Beatrice A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Browne, John A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Katz, Lisa M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Murphy, Keith J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hill, Emmeline W</creatorcontrib><title>Variation in salivary cortisol responses in yearling Thoroughbred racehorses during their first year of training</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Thoroughbred horses are bred for competitive racing and undergo intense training regimes. 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This measure may be used as an objective assessment of the stress response of Thoroughbred racehorses during training.</description><subject>Animal cognition</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Careers</subject><subject>Corticosteroids</subject><subject>Cortisol</subject><subject>Defensive behavior</subject><subject>Hormones</subject><subject>Horse Diseases</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Hydrocortisone</subject><subject>Hypothalamus</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Physical Conditioning, Animal</subject><subject>Physical Examination</subject><subject>Physical training</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Pituitary</subject><subject>Prey</subject><subject>Race horses</subject><subject>Racehorse training</subject><subject>Racehorses</subject><subject>Racing</subject><subject>Research and Analysis 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Chris</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Variation in salivary cortisol responses in yearling Thoroughbred racehorses during their first year of training</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2023-04-06</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>e0284102</spage><epage>e0284102</epage><pages>e0284102-e0284102</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Thoroughbred horses are bred for competitive racing and undergo intense training regimes. The maintenance of physical soundness and desirable behavioural characteristics are critical to the longevity of a racing career. Horses intended for Flat racing generally enter training as yearlings and undergo introductory training prior to exercise conditioning for racing. This period requires rapid adjustment to a novel environment. As a prey animal, a horse's 'fight-or-flight' response is highly adapted, in which a well-understood component of this response, the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis, is activated in response to a stress stimulus, releasing cortisol. In the Thoroughbred, a significant difference in salivary cortisol concentrations between pre- and post-first time ridden (i.e., first backing) by a jockey have previously been identified. Here, to test the hypothesis that salivary cortisol concentrations may be used to objectively detect individual variations in the acute physiological stress response we investigate individual variation in cortisol response to training milestones. Saliva samples were collected from a cohort of n = 96 yearling Flat racehorses, at the same training yard, across three timepoints at rest: before entering the training yard (n = 66), within three days of entry to the training yard (n = 67) and following 2-3 weeks in the training yard (n = 50). Salivary cortisol concentration was measured using an ELISA. There was no significant difference in cortisol concentration (ANOVA, P > 0.05) across the samples collected at timepoints at rest. Samples were also collected before and 30 minutes after exposure to three novel training events: first time long-reined (n = 6), first time backed by a jockey (n = 34), and first time ridden on the gallops (n = 10). Mean salivary cortisol concentration after all three novel training events was significantly higher than prior to the training event (Paired t-test, P <0.005). The ranges of post-event salivary cortisol concentration across all timepoints suggest individual variation in the measured stress response, reflecting individual differences in stress response to the early training environment. This measure may be used as an objective assessment of the stress response of Thoroughbred racehorses during training.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>37023093</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0284102</doi><tpages>e0284102</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7307-6159</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | PloS one, 2023-04, Vol.18 (4), p.e0284102-e0284102 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Animal cognition Animals Biology and Life Sciences Careers Corticosteroids Cortisol Defensive behavior Hormones Horse Diseases Horses Hydrocortisone Hypothalamus Measurement Medicine and Health Sciences Physical Conditioning, Animal Physical Examination Physical training Physiological aspects Pituitary Prey Race horses Racehorse training Racehorses Racing Research and Analysis Methods Rest Running Saliva Social Sciences Stress Stress (physiology) Stress (Psychology) Stress response Thoroughbred horse Training Variance analysis Variation |
| title | Variation in salivary cortisol responses in yearling Thoroughbred racehorses during their first year of training |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-18T00%3A35%3A16IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Variation%20in%20salivary%20cortisol%20responses%20in%20yearling%20Thoroughbred%20racehorses%20during%20their%20first%20year%20of%20training&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Holtby,%20Amy%20R&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.spage=e0284102&rft.epage=e0284102&rft.pages=e0284102-e0284102&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0284102&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA744511787%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2796897233&rft_id=info:pmid/37023093&rft_galeid=A744511787&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_331f3bd868d34733a66d207cc4645611&rfr_iscdi=true |