Online sale of small turtles circumvents public health regulations in the United States
In the United States (U.S.), pet turtles have been associated with outbreaks of salmonellosis, a serious and sometimes-fatal intestinal illness caused by Salmonella bacteria, with nearly 300,000 people being infected in some years. Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2022-12, Vol.17 (12), p.e0278443 |
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| creator | Montague, Lauren E Marcotrigiano, Juliana M Keane, Niamh E Marquardt, Hannah E Sevin, Jennifer A Karraker, Nancy E |
| description | In the United States (U.S.), pet turtles have been associated with outbreaks of salmonellosis, a serious and sometimes-fatal intestinal illness caused by Salmonella bacteria, with nearly 300,000 people being infected in some years. Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to put items, including small turtles, in their mouths. In 1975, a U.S. federal regulation prohibited the sale of turtles |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0278443 |
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Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to put items, including small turtles, in their mouths. In 1975, a U.S. federal regulation prohibited the sale of turtles <4 inches (101.6 mm) in size, except for the purposes of export, scientific, or educational purposes. This regulation was established to reduce the incidence of salmonellosis, particularly in small children. Previous research has not evaluated the availability of turtles <4 inches in size on websites selling wildlife. We monitored 16 websites in 2021 and quantified listings of small turtles. We determined whether information on Salmonella, the 1975 federal regulation, or related state regulations were provided on the websites and determined legality of sales of small turtles by state regulations. We found that all 16 websites openly advertised and sold turtles <4 inches in size, but only half of these websites provided information about Salmonella and/or the federal regulation. These websites required buyers to confirm that they were not purchasing a turtle as a pet, thereby putting the onus on the consumer to adhere to the regulation. We documented 515 listings of turtles <4 inches in size, including 47 species and one hybrid. Our study has demonstrated that internet sales of small turtles currently represent part of the thriving online pet trade in the U.S. Enforcement of the federal regulation faces jurisdictional challenges in most states. Therefore, we recommend continued public education campaigns by public health agencies in the U.S. to help reduce the risk that pet turtle ownership presents.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278443</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36542556</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Disease control ; Disease Outbreaks - prevention & control ; Disease Outbreaks - veterinary ; Evaluation ; Federal regulation ; Federal regulations ; Internet ; Medical policy ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Names ; Protection and preservation ; Public Health ; Public health administration ; Regulations ; Risk reduction ; Sales ; Salmonella ; Salmonella Food Poisoning - epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections - epidemiology ; Salmonella Infections - prevention & control ; Salmonellosis ; Search strategies ; Social Sciences ; State regulations ; Turtles ; Turtles - microbiology ; United States ; Websites ; Wildlife</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2022-12, Vol.17 (12), p.e0278443</ispartof><rights>Copyright: © 2022 Montague et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2022 Montague et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to put items, including small turtles, in their mouths. In 1975, a U.S. federal regulation prohibited the sale of turtles <4 inches (101.6 mm) in size, except for the purposes of export, scientific, or educational purposes. This regulation was established to reduce the incidence of salmonellosis, particularly in small children. Previous research has not evaluated the availability of turtles <4 inches in size on websites selling wildlife. We monitored 16 websites in 2021 and quantified listings of small turtles. We determined whether information on Salmonella, the 1975 federal regulation, or related state regulations were provided on the websites and determined legality of sales of small turtles by state regulations. We found that all 16 websites openly advertised and sold turtles <4 inches in size, but only half of these websites provided information about Salmonella and/or the federal regulation. These websites required buyers to confirm that they were not purchasing a turtle as a pet, thereby putting the onus on the consumer to adhere to the regulation. We documented 515 listings of turtles <4 inches in size, including 47 species and one hybrid. Our study has demonstrated that internet sales of small turtles currently represent part of the thriving online pet trade in the U.S. Enforcement of the federal regulation faces jurisdictional challenges in most states. 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Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to put items, including small turtles, in their mouths. In 1975, a U.S. federal regulation prohibited the sale of turtles <4 inches (101.6 mm) in size, except for the purposes of export, scientific, or educational purposes. This regulation was established to reduce the incidence of salmonellosis, particularly in small children. Previous research has not evaluated the availability of turtles <4 inches in size on websites selling wildlife. We monitored 16 websites in 2021 and quantified listings of small turtles. We determined whether information on Salmonella, the 1975 federal regulation, or related state regulations were provided on the websites and determined legality of sales of small turtles by state regulations. We found that all 16 websites openly advertised and sold turtles <4 inches in size, but only half of these websites provided information about Salmonella and/or the federal regulation. These websites required buyers to confirm that they were not purchasing a turtle as a pet, thereby putting the onus on the consumer to adhere to the regulation. We documented 515 listings of turtles <4 inches in size, including 47 species and one hybrid. Our study has demonstrated that internet sales of small turtles currently represent part of the thriving online pet trade in the U.S. Enforcement of the federal regulation faces jurisdictional challenges in most states. Therefore, we recommend continued public education campaigns by public health agencies in the U.S. to help reduce the risk that pet turtle ownership presents.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>36542556</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0278443</doi><tpages>e0278443</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-6153</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2642-7339</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Animals Biology and Life Sciences Computer and Information Sciences Disease control Disease Outbreaks - prevention & control Disease Outbreaks - veterinary Evaluation Federal regulation Federal regulations Internet Medical policy Medicine and Health Sciences Names Protection and preservation Public Health Public health administration Regulations Risk reduction Sales Salmonella Salmonella Food Poisoning - epidemiology Salmonella Infections - epidemiology Salmonella Infections - prevention & control Salmonellosis Search strategies Social Sciences State regulations Turtles Turtles - microbiology United States Websites Wildlife |
| title | Online sale of small turtles circumvents public health regulations in the United States |
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