Discrimination between normal and cancer white blood cells using holographic projection technique
White blood cells (WBCs) play a vital role in the diagnosis of many blood diseases. Such diagnosis is based on the morphological analysis of blood microscopic images which is performed manually by skilled hematologist. However, this method has many drawbacks, such as the dependence on the hematologi...
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| description | White blood cells (WBCs) play a vital role in the diagnosis of many blood diseases. Such diagnosis is based on the morphological analysis of blood microscopic images which is performed manually by skilled hematologist. However, this method has many drawbacks, such as the dependence on the hematologist’s skill, slow performance, and varying accuracy. Therefore, in the current study, a new optical method for discrimination between normal and cancer WBCs of peripheral blood film (PBF) images is presented. This method is based on holographic projection technique which is able to provide an accurate and fast optical reconstruction method of WBCs floating in the air. Besides, it can provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters from only a single 2D hologram. To achieve that, at first, WBCs are accurately segmented from the microscopic PBF images using a developed in-house MATLAB code. Then, their associated phase computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are calculated using the well-known iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA). Within the utilized algorithm, a speckle noise reduction technique, based on temporal multiplexing of spatial frequencies, is applied to minimize the speckle noise across the reconstruction plane. Additionally, a special hologram modulation is added to the calculated holograms to provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC, and discriminate normal and cancer WBCs. Finally, the calculated phase-holograms are uploaded on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for optical reconstruction. The optical reconstruction of such phase-holograms yields precise representation of normal and cancer WBCs. Moreover, a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters is provided. Therefore, the proposed technique can be used as a valuable tool for interpretation and analysis of WBCs, this in turn could provide an improvement in diagnosis and prognosis of blood diseases. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0276239 |
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Such diagnosis is based on the morphological analysis of blood microscopic images which is performed manually by skilled hematologist. However, this method has many drawbacks, such as the dependence on the hematologist’s skill, slow performance, and varying accuracy. Therefore, in the current study, a new optical method for discrimination between normal and cancer WBCs of peripheral blood film (PBF) images is presented. This method is based on holographic projection technique which is able to provide an accurate and fast optical reconstruction method of WBCs floating in the air. Besides, it can provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters from only a single 2D hologram. To achieve that, at first, WBCs are accurately segmented from the microscopic PBF images using a developed in-house MATLAB code. Then, their associated phase computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are calculated using the well-known iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA). Within the utilized algorithm, a speckle noise reduction technique, based on temporal multiplexing of spatial frequencies, is applied to minimize the speckle noise across the reconstruction plane. Additionally, a special hologram modulation is added to the calculated holograms to provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC, and discriminate normal and cancer WBCs. Finally, the calculated phase-holograms are uploaded on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for optical reconstruction. The optical reconstruction of such phase-holograms yields precise representation of normal and cancer WBCs. Moreover, a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters is provided. Therefore, the proposed technique can be used as a valuable tool for interpretation and analysis of WBCs, this in turn could provide an improvement in diagnosis and prognosis of blood diseases.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276239</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Algorithms ; Analysis ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blood ; Blood cell count ; Blood cells ; Blood diseases ; Cancer ; Care and treatment ; Diagnosis ; Engineering and Technology ; Fourier transforms ; Health aspects ; Holograms ; Holography ; Holography in medicine ; Image reconstruction ; Immune system ; Iterative methods ; Leukocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Mathematical analysis ; Medical imaging ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Methods ; Morphology ; Multiplexing ; Neutrophils ; Noise reduction ; Parameters ; Peripheral blood ; Physical Sciences ; Prognosis ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Spatial light modulators ; Visualization</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2022-10, Vol.17 (10), p.e0276239-e0276239</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2022 Abdelazeem, Ibrahim. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Such diagnosis is based on the morphological analysis of blood microscopic images which is performed manually by skilled hematologist. However, this method has many drawbacks, such as the dependence on the hematologist’s skill, slow performance, and varying accuracy. Therefore, in the current study, a new optical method for discrimination between normal and cancer WBCs of peripheral blood film (PBF) images is presented. This method is based on holographic projection technique which is able to provide an accurate and fast optical reconstruction method of WBCs floating in the air. Besides, it can provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters from only a single 2D hologram. To achieve that, at first, WBCs are accurately segmented from the microscopic PBF images using a developed in-house MATLAB code. Then, their associated phase computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are calculated using the well-known iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA). Within the utilized algorithm, a speckle noise reduction technique, based on temporal multiplexing of spatial frequencies, is applied to minimize the speckle noise across the reconstruction plane. Additionally, a special hologram modulation is added to the calculated holograms to provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC, and discriminate normal and cancer WBCs. Finally, the calculated phase-holograms are uploaded on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for optical reconstruction. The optical reconstruction of such phase-holograms yields precise representation of normal and cancer WBCs. Moreover, a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters is provided. Therefore, the proposed technique can be used as a valuable tool for interpretation and analysis of WBCs, this in turn could provide an improvement in diagnosis and prognosis of blood diseases.</description><subject>Algorithms</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Blood cell count</subject><subject>Blood cells</subject><subject>Blood diseases</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Holograms</subject><subject>Holography</subject><subject>Holography in medicine</subject><subject>Image reconstruction</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Iterative methods</subject><subject>Leukocytes</subject><subject>Lymphocytes</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Multiplexing</subject><subject>Neutrophils</subject><subject>Noise reduction</subject><subject>Parameters</subject><subject>Peripheral blood</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Prognosis</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Spatial light 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Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Abdelazeem, Rania M</au><au>Ghareab Abdelsalam Ibrahim, Dahi</au><au>Chalmers, Jeffrey</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Discrimination between normal and cancer white blood cells using holographic projection technique</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><date>2022-10-20</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0276239</spage><epage>e0276239</epage><pages>e0276239-e0276239</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>White blood cells (WBCs) play a vital role in the diagnosis of many blood diseases. Such diagnosis is based on the morphological analysis of blood microscopic images which is performed manually by skilled hematologist. However, this method has many drawbacks, such as the dependence on the hematologist’s skill, slow performance, and varying accuracy. Therefore, in the current study, a new optical method for discrimination between normal and cancer WBCs of peripheral blood film (PBF) images is presented. This method is based on holographic projection technique which is able to provide an accurate and fast optical reconstruction method of WBCs floating in the air. Besides, it can provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters from only a single 2D hologram. To achieve that, at first, WBCs are accurately segmented from the microscopic PBF images using a developed in-house MATLAB code. Then, their associated phase computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are calculated using the well-known iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA). Within the utilized algorithm, a speckle noise reduction technique, based on temporal multiplexing of spatial frequencies, is applied to minimize the speckle noise across the reconstruction plane. Additionally, a special hologram modulation is added to the calculated holograms to provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC, and discriminate normal and cancer WBCs. Finally, the calculated phase-holograms are uploaded on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for optical reconstruction. The optical reconstruction of such phase-holograms yields precise representation of normal and cancer WBCs. Moreover, a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters is provided. Therefore, the proposed technique can be used as a valuable tool for interpretation and analysis of WBCs, this in turn could provide an improvement in diagnosis and prognosis of blood diseases.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0276239</doi><tpages>e0276239</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-3181</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4429-5096</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Algorithms Analysis Biology and Life Sciences Blood Blood cell count Blood cells Blood diseases Cancer Care and treatment Diagnosis Engineering and Technology Fourier transforms Health aspects Holograms Holography Holography in medicine Image reconstruction Immune system Iterative methods Leukocytes Lymphocytes Mathematical analysis Medical imaging Medicine and Health Sciences Methods Morphology Multiplexing Neutrophils Noise reduction Parameters Peripheral blood Physical Sciences Prognosis Research and Analysis Methods Spatial light modulators Visualization |
| title | Discrimination between normal and cancer white blood cells using holographic projection technique |
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