Enzymatic measurement of short-chain fatty acids and application in periodontal disease diagnosis
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by periodontal pathogens in the gingival sulcus. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by causal bacteria are closely related to the onset and progression of periodontal disease and have been reported to proliferate in the periodontal...
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| creator | Hatanaka, Kazu Shirahase, Yasushi Yoshida, Toshiyuki Kono, Mari Toya, Naoki Sakasegawa, Shin-ichi Konishi, Kenji Yamamoto, Tadashi Ochiai, Kuniyasu Takashiba, Shogo |
| description | Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by periodontal pathogens in the gingival sulcus. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by causal bacteria are closely related to the onset and progression of periodontal disease and have been reported to proliferate in the periodontal sulcus of patients experiencing this pathology. In such patients, propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), isobutyric acid (IC4), valeric acid (C5), isovaleric acid (IC5), and caproic acid (C6), henceforth referred to as [C3–C6], has been reported to have a detrimental effect, while acetic acid (C2) exhibits no detrimental effect. In this study, we established an inexpensive and simple enzymatic assay that can fractionate and measure these acids. The possibility of applying this technique to determine the severity of periodontal disease by adapting it to specimens collected from humans has been explored. We established an enzyme system using acetate kinase and butyrate kinase capable of measuring SCFAs in two fractions, C2 and [C3–C6]. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of 10 healthy participants and 10 participants with mild and severe periodontal disease were measured using the established enzymatic method and conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in human GCF and saliva was well correlated when using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, both C2 and [C3–C6] in the GCF increased with disease severity. However, while no significant difference was observed between healthy participants and periodontal patients when using saliva, [C3–C6] significantly differed between mild and severe periodontal disease. The enzymatic method was able to measure C2 and [C3–C6] separately as well as using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, the C2 and [C3–C6] fractions of GCF correlated with disease severity, suggesting that this method can be applied clinically. In contrast, the quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in saliva did not differ significantly between healthy participants and patients with periodontal disease. Future studies should focus on inflammation rather than on tissue destruction. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0268671 |
| format | Article |
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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by causal bacteria are closely related to the onset and progression of periodontal disease and have been reported to proliferate in the periodontal sulcus of patients experiencing this pathology. In such patients, propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), isobutyric acid (IC4), valeric acid (C5), isovaleric acid (IC5), and caproic acid (C6), henceforth referred to as [C3–C6], has been reported to have a detrimental effect, while acetic acid (C2) exhibits no detrimental effect. In this study, we established an inexpensive and simple enzymatic assay that can fractionate and measure these acids. The possibility of applying this technique to determine the severity of periodontal disease by adapting it to specimens collected from humans has been explored. We established an enzyme system using acetate kinase and butyrate kinase capable of measuring SCFAs in two fractions, C2 and [C3–C6]. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of 10 healthy participants and 10 participants with mild and severe periodontal disease were measured using the established enzymatic method and conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in human GCF and saliva was well correlated when using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, both C2 and [C3–C6] in the GCF increased with disease severity. However, while no significant difference was observed between healthy participants and periodontal patients when using saliva, [C3–C6] significantly differed between mild and severe periodontal disease. The enzymatic method was able to measure C2 and [C3–C6] separately as well as using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, the C2 and [C3–C6] fractions of GCF correlated with disease severity, suggesting that this method can be applied clinically. In contrast, the quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in saliva did not differ significantly between healthy participants and patients with periodontal disease. Future studies should focus on inflammation rather than on tissue destruction.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268671</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35839206</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acetate kinase ; Acetic acid ; Adenosine diphosphate ; Alzheimer's disease ; Alzheimers disease ; Bacteria ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Butyrate kinase ; Butyric acid ; Cardiovascular disease ; Dehydrogenases ; Diagnosis ; E coli ; Engineering and Technology ; Fatty acids ; Gas chromatography ; Glucose ; Gum disease ; Health aspects ; Hexanoic acid ; Isobutyric acid ; Kinases ; Limited liability companies ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Medical diagnosis ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Oxidative stress ; Periodontal disease ; Periodontal diseases ; Physical Sciences ; Propionic acid ; Reagents ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Risk factors ; Saliva ; Sodium ; Systemic diseases ; Teeth ; Valeric acid</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2022-07, Vol.17 (7), p.e0268671-e0268671</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2022 Hatanaka et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 Hatanaka et al 2022 Hatanaka et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c713t-cb4a3912065cb69810171429152bc2da8438d65f3156a34f7078aa4a6294d6bb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c713t-cb4a3912065cb69810171429152bc2da8438d65f3156a34f7078aa4a6294d6bb3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4712-6829 ; 0000-0001-7133-9042</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286277/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286277/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hatanaka, Kazu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shirahase, Yasushi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoshida, Toshiyuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kono, Mari</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Toya, Naoki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sakasegawa, Shin-ichi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Konishi, Kenji</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yamamoto, Tadashi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ochiai, Kuniyasu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takashiba, Shogo</creatorcontrib><title>Enzymatic measurement of short-chain fatty acids and application in periodontal disease diagnosis</title><title>PloS one</title><description>Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by periodontal pathogens in the gingival sulcus. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by causal bacteria are closely related to the onset and progression of periodontal disease and have been reported to proliferate in the periodontal sulcus of patients experiencing this pathology. In such patients, propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), isobutyric acid (IC4), valeric acid (C5), isovaleric acid (IC5), and caproic acid (C6), henceforth referred to as [C3–C6], has been reported to have a detrimental effect, while acetic acid (C2) exhibits no detrimental effect. In this study, we established an inexpensive and simple enzymatic assay that can fractionate and measure these acids. The possibility of applying this technique to determine the severity of periodontal disease by adapting it to specimens collected from humans has been explored. We established an enzyme system using acetate kinase and butyrate kinase capable of measuring SCFAs in two fractions, C2 and [C3–C6]. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of 10 healthy participants and 10 participants with mild and severe periodontal disease were measured using the established enzymatic method and conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in human GCF and saliva was well correlated when using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, both C2 and [C3–C6] in the GCF increased with disease severity. However, while no significant difference was observed between healthy participants and periodontal patients when using saliva, [C3–C6] significantly differed between mild and severe periodontal disease. The enzymatic method was able to measure C2 and [C3–C6] separately as well as using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, the C2 and [C3–C6] fractions of GCF correlated with disease severity, suggesting that this method can be applied clinically. In contrast, the quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in saliva did not differ significantly between healthy participants and patients with periodontal disease. Future studies should focus on inflammation rather than on tissue destruction.</description><subject>Acetate kinase</subject><subject>Acetic acid</subject><subject>Adenosine diphosphate</subject><subject>Alzheimer's disease</subject><subject>Alzheimers disease</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Butyrate kinase</subject><subject>Butyric acid</subject><subject>Cardiovascular disease</subject><subject>Dehydrogenases</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Gum disease</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hexanoic acid</subject><subject>Isobutyric acid</subject><subject>Kinases</subject><subject>Limited liability companies</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Medical diagnosis</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Oxidative stress</subject><subject>Periodontal disease</subject><subject>Periodontal diseases</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Propionic acid</subject><subject>Reagents</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Saliva</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Systemic diseases</subject><subject>Teeth</subject><subject>Valeric 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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by causal bacteria are closely related to the onset and progression of periodontal disease and have been reported to proliferate in the periodontal sulcus of patients experiencing this pathology. In such patients, propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), isobutyric acid (IC4), valeric acid (C5), isovaleric acid (IC5), and caproic acid (C6), henceforth referred to as [C3–C6], has been reported to have a detrimental effect, while acetic acid (C2) exhibits no detrimental effect. In this study, we established an inexpensive and simple enzymatic assay that can fractionate and measure these acids. The possibility of applying this technique to determine the severity of periodontal disease by adapting it to specimens collected from humans has been explored. We established an enzyme system using acetate kinase and butyrate kinase capable of measuring SCFAs in two fractions, C2 and [C3–C6]. The gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of 10 healthy participants and 10 participants with mild and severe periodontal disease were measured using the established enzymatic method and conventional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in human GCF and saliva was well correlated when using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, both C2 and [C3–C6] in the GCF increased with disease severity. However, while no significant difference was observed between healthy participants and periodontal patients when using saliva, [C3–C6] significantly differed between mild and severe periodontal disease. The enzymatic method was able to measure C2 and [C3–C6] separately as well as using the GC–MS method. Furthermore, the C2 and [C3–C6] fractions of GCF correlated with disease severity, suggesting that this method can be applied clinically. In contrast, the quantification of C2 and [C3–C6] in saliva did not differ significantly between healthy participants and patients with periodontal disease. Future studies should focus on inflammation rather than on tissue destruction.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>35839206</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0268671</doi><tpages>e0268671</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4712-6829</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7133-9042</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2690165260 |
| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Acetate kinase Acetic acid Adenosine diphosphate Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers disease Bacteria Biology and Life Sciences Butyrate kinase Butyric acid Cardiovascular disease Dehydrogenases Diagnosis E coli Engineering and Technology Fatty acids Gas chromatography Glucose Gum disease Health aspects Hexanoic acid Isobutyric acid Kinases Limited liability companies Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Medical diagnosis Medicine and Health Sciences Oxidative stress Periodontal disease Periodontal diseases Physical Sciences Propionic acid Reagents Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Saliva Sodium Systemic diseases Teeth Valeric acid |
| title | Enzymatic measurement of short-chain fatty acids and application in periodontal disease diagnosis |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-05T21%3A46%3A04IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enzymatic%20measurement%20of%20short-chain%20fatty%20acids%20and%20application%20in%20periodontal%20disease%20diagnosis&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Hatanaka,%20Kazu&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=e0268671&rft.epage=e0268671&rft.pages=e0268671-e0268671&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0268671&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA710322312%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2690165260&rft_id=info:pmid/35839206&rft_galeid=A710322312&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_b8053b94526a451e8ad19ad0ed6a9eda&rfr_iscdi=true |