A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19
COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that causes not only somatic health issues, but also frequently psychosocial burdens. The aims of this study were to investigate biopsychosocial factors that might further aggravate fear of COVID-19, and to establish a biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2022-02, Vol.17 (2), p.e0264357-e0264357 |
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| creator | Nürnberger, Patrick von Lewinski, Dirk Rothenhäusler, Hans-Bernd Braun, Celine Reinbacher, Patrick Kolesnik, Ewald Baranyi, Andreas |
| description | COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that causes not only somatic health issues, but also frequently psychosocial burdens. The aims of this study were to investigate biopsychosocial factors that might further aggravate fear of COVID-19, and to establish a biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19.
368 participants were included in this study. Biopsychosocial factors observed comprised biological factors (somatic risk), psychological factors (state/trait anxiety, physical symptoms of anxiety, severe health anxiety, specific phobias, depression), and psychosocial factors (social support, financial losses, social media consumption, social contacts with COVID-19 infected people). Psychometric questionnaires included State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, Whiteley-Index / Illness Attitude Scales, Specific Phobia Questionnaire, WHO-5 and Social Support Survey.
162/368 (44.0%) participants had almost no fear, 170/368 (46.2%) participants had moderate fear, and 45/368 (12.2%) participants had severe fear of COVID-19. Female participants showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than male participants (gender: χ2 = 18.47, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0264357 |
| format | Article |
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368 participants were included in this study. Biopsychosocial factors observed comprised biological factors (somatic risk), psychological factors (state/trait anxiety, physical symptoms of anxiety, severe health anxiety, specific phobias, depression), and psychosocial factors (social support, financial losses, social media consumption, social contacts with COVID-19 infected people). Psychometric questionnaires included State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, Whiteley-Index / Illness Attitude Scales, Specific Phobia Questionnaire, WHO-5 and Social Support Survey.
162/368 (44.0%) participants had almost no fear, 170/368 (46.2%) participants had moderate fear, and 45/368 (12.2%) participants had severe fear of COVID-19. Female participants showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than male participants (gender: χ2 = 18.47, p<0.001). However, the level of fear of COVID-19 increased in male participants when they had contact with people who were infected with COVID-19, while in contrast the level of fear of COVID-19 decreased in female participants when they had such contacts [ANCOVA: fear of COVID-19 (contact x gender): F(1,363) = 5.596, p = .019]. Moreover, participants without relationships showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (marital status: χ2 = 14.582, p = 0.024). Furthermore, financial losses due to the COVID-19 were associated with higher levels of fear of COVID-19 [ANCOVA: fear of COVID-19(financial loss x gender): F(1, 363) = 22.853, p< .001]. Multiple regression analysis revealed female gender, severe health anxiety (WI-IAS) and state /trait anxiety (STAI) as significant predictors of severe fear of COVID-19.
In this study significant predictors of severe fear of COVID-19 were female gender, pre-existing state and trait anxiety, as well as severe health anxiety. The finding of significant predictors of fear of COVID-19 might contribute to detect people who might suffer most from severe, overwhelming fear of COVID-19 at an early stage.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264357</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35226661</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adult ; Anxiety ; Anxiety - epidemiology ; Anxiety - psychology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cardiology ; Chi-square test ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; COVID-19 - psychology ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; Epidemics ; Fear ; Fear & phobias ; Female ; Gender ; Humans ; Internal medicine ; Male ; Males ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mental depression ; Mental health ; Middle Aged ; Models, Biopsychosocial ; Multiple regression analysis ; Pandemics ; Phobias ; Phobic Disorders - epidemiology ; Phobic Disorders - psychology ; Pneumonia ; Psychiatry ; Psychological factors ; Psychometrics ; Psychophysiology ; Psychotherapy ; Pulmonary arteries ; Questionnaires ; Regression analysis ; Risk factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Social distancing ; Social interactions ; Social networks ; Social Sciences ; Social support ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Viral diseases</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2022-02, Vol.17 (2), p.e0264357-e0264357</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2022 Nürnberger et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 Nürnberger et al 2022 Nürnberger et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-b3cf06d4fea3727a0ef190da581a166cc3b86a9b2c92f9a35f9c3d921f572223</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-b3cf06d4fea3727a0ef190da581a166cc3b86a9b2c92f9a35f9c3d921f572223</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9349-8068 ; 0000-0001-9827-3856 ; 0000-0003-2389-1945</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8884481/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8884481/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79343,79344</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35226661$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Nürnberger, Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von Lewinski, Dirk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rothenhäusler, Hans-Bernd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Braun, Celine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reinbacher, Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kolesnik, Ewald</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baranyi, Andreas</creatorcontrib><title>A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that causes not only somatic health issues, but also frequently psychosocial burdens. The aims of this study were to investigate biopsychosocial factors that might further aggravate fear of COVID-19, and to establish a biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19.
368 participants were included in this study. Biopsychosocial factors observed comprised biological factors (somatic risk), psychological factors (state/trait anxiety, physical symptoms of anxiety, severe health anxiety, specific phobias, depression), and psychosocial factors (social support, financial losses, social media consumption, social contacts with COVID-19 infected people). Psychometric questionnaires included State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, Whiteley-Index / Illness Attitude Scales, Specific Phobia Questionnaire, WHO-5 and Social Support Survey.
162/368 (44.0%) participants had almost no fear, 170/368 (46.2%) participants had moderate fear, and 45/368 (12.2%) participants had severe fear of COVID-19. Female participants showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than male participants (gender: χ2 = 18.47, p<0.001). However, the level of fear of COVID-19 increased in male participants when they had contact with people who were infected with COVID-19, while in contrast the level of fear of COVID-19 decreased in female participants when they had such contacts [ANCOVA: fear of COVID-19 (contact x gender): F(1,363) = 5.596, p = .019]. Moreover, participants without relationships showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (marital status: χ2 = 14.582, p = 0.024). Furthermore, financial losses due to the COVID-19 were associated with higher levels of fear of COVID-19 [ANCOVA: fear of COVID-19(financial loss x gender): F(1, 363) = 22.853, p< .001]. Multiple regression analysis revealed female gender, severe health anxiety (WI-IAS) and state /trait anxiety (STAI) as significant predictors of severe fear of COVID-19.
In this study significant predictors of severe fear of COVID-19 were female gender, pre-existing state and trait anxiety, as well as severe health anxiety. The finding of significant predictors of fear of COVID-19 might contribute to detect people who might suffer most from severe, overwhelming fear of COVID-19 at an early stage.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Anxiety - epidemiology</subject><subject>Anxiety - psychology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cardiology</subject><subject>Chi-square test</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - psychology</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Fear</subject><subject>Fear & phobias</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Internal medicine</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Mental health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Models, Biopsychosocial</subject><subject>Multiple regression analysis</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Phobias</subject><subject>Phobic Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Phobic Disorders - psychology</subject><subject>Pneumonia</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychological factors</subject><subject>Psychometrics</subject><subject>Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Psychotherapy</subject><subject>Pulmonary arteries</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Social distancing</subject><subject>Social interactions</subject><subject>Social networks</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Social support</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Viral 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biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19</title><author>Nürnberger, Patrick ; von Lewinski, Dirk ; Rothenhäusler, Hans-Bernd ; Braun, Celine ; Reinbacher, Patrick ; Kolesnik, Ewald ; Baranyi, Andreas</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-b3cf06d4fea3727a0ef190da581a166cc3b86a9b2c92f9a35f9c3d921f572223</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Anxiety - epidemiology</topic><topic>Anxiety - psychology</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Cardiology</topic><topic>Chi-square test</topic><topic>Computer and Information Sciences</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - epidemiology</topic><topic>COVID-19 - psychology</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Fear</topic><topic>Fear & 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Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Nürnberger, Patrick</au><au>von Lewinski, Dirk</au><au>Rothenhäusler, Hans-Bernd</au><au>Braun, Celine</au><au>Reinbacher, Patrick</au><au>Kolesnik, Ewald</au><au>Baranyi, Andreas</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2022-02-28</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0264357</spage><epage>e0264357</epage><pages>e0264357-e0264357</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that causes not only somatic health issues, but also frequently psychosocial burdens. The aims of this study were to investigate biopsychosocial factors that might further aggravate fear of COVID-19, and to establish a biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19.
368 participants were included in this study. Biopsychosocial factors observed comprised biological factors (somatic risk), psychological factors (state/trait anxiety, physical symptoms of anxiety, severe health anxiety, specific phobias, depression), and psychosocial factors (social support, financial losses, social media consumption, social contacts with COVID-19 infected people). Psychometric questionnaires included State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory, Whiteley-Index / Illness Attitude Scales, Specific Phobia Questionnaire, WHO-5 and Social Support Survey.
162/368 (44.0%) participants had almost no fear, 170/368 (46.2%) participants had moderate fear, and 45/368 (12.2%) participants had severe fear of COVID-19. Female participants showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 than male participants (gender: χ2 = 18.47, p<0.001). However, the level of fear of COVID-19 increased in male participants when they had contact with people who were infected with COVID-19, while in contrast the level of fear of COVID-19 decreased in female participants when they had such contacts [ANCOVA: fear of COVID-19 (contact x gender): F(1,363) = 5.596, p = .019]. Moreover, participants without relationships showed higher levels of fear of COVID-19 (marital status: χ2 = 14.582, p = 0.024). Furthermore, financial losses due to the COVID-19 were associated with higher levels of fear of COVID-19 [ANCOVA: fear of COVID-19(financial loss x gender): F(1, 363) = 22.853, p< .001]. Multiple regression analysis revealed female gender, severe health anxiety (WI-IAS) and state /trait anxiety (STAI) as significant predictors of severe fear of COVID-19.
In this study significant predictors of severe fear of COVID-19 were female gender, pre-existing state and trait anxiety, as well as severe health anxiety. The finding of significant predictors of fear of COVID-19 might contribute to detect people who might suffer most from severe, overwhelming fear of COVID-19 at an early stage.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>35226661</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0264357</doi><tpages>e0264357</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9349-8068</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9827-3856</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2389-1945</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2634518080 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Adult Anxiety Anxiety - epidemiology Anxiety - psychology Biology and Life Sciences Cardiology Chi-square test Computer and Information Sciences Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - psychology Development and progression Diagnosis Epidemics Fear Fear & phobias Female Gender Humans Internal medicine Male Males Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Mental depression Mental health Middle Aged Models, Biopsychosocial Multiple regression analysis Pandemics Phobias Phobic Disorders - epidemiology Phobic Disorders - psychology Pneumonia Psychiatry Psychological factors Psychometrics Psychophysiology Psychotherapy Pulmonary arteries Questionnaires Regression analysis Risk factors SARS-CoV-2 Social distancing Social interactions Social networks Social Sciences Social support Surveys and Questionnaires Viral diseases |
| title | A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19 |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-04T02%3A00%3A40IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A%20biopsychosocial%20model%20of%20severe%20fear%20of%20COVID-19&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=N%C3%BCrnberger,%20Patrick&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=e0264357&rft.epage=e0264357&rft.pages=e0264357-e0264357&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0264357&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA695246503%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2634518080&rft_id=info:pmid/35226661&rft_galeid=A695246503&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_44fe2be2de8844e2a83b4eb0e558297d&rfr_iscdi=true |