Likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country trying to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-3 and the objective of the Rural Electrification Board (REB) regarding child mortality. Infectious diseases are leading causes of child mortality, and lack of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2022-02, Vol.17 (2), p.e0263890-e0263890 |
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| creator | Abdulla, Faruq Hossain, Md Moyazzem Karimuzzaman, Md Ali, Mohammad Rahman, Azizur |
| description | Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country trying to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-3 and the objective of the Rural Electrification Board (REB) regarding child mortality. Infectious diseases are leading causes of child mortality, and lack of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among infants aged 0-6 months increases child morbidity and mortality from various infectious diseases in developing countries. However, as per existing literature, no study has been conducted yet to determine the lack of EBF practice effect on child mortality in Bangladesh. With this backdrop, the authors intend to measure the likelihood of infectious diseases due to the lack of EBF of infants aged 0-6 months in Bangladesh.
This study used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data over 1996-97 to 2017-18. The mothers of infants aged 0-6 months who were willingly participated in the BDHSs were considered to include in our analysis. Initially, there were 9,133 cases in the combined dataset. After filtering, there were 5,724 cases in the final dataset. We have considered diarrhea (D), acute respiratory infection (ARI) separately as well as the presence of either D or ARI or both and named as CoDARI as outcome variables. This study used both graphical and statistical techniques (Chi-square test, Wald test, and logistic regression) to analyze the data. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to quantify the likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of EBF practice and its elasticity, respectively.
The EBF practice got a conspicuous increasing trend, but the prevalence of infectious diseases was declined from 0 to 3 months of age of infants, whereas an inverse scenario is observed between 4-6 months. The significance of that inverse relationship was confirmed by p-value corresponding to the chi-square test and the Wald test of the adjusted regression coefficients after adjusting the associated factor's effect on infectious diseases. The adjusted ORs also concluded that the lack of EBF practice up to six months of age could enhance the risk of D, ARI, and CoDARI by 2.11 [95% CI: 1.56-2.85], 1.43 [95% CI: 1.28-1.60], and 1.48 [95% CI: 1.32-1.66] times higher, respectively.
Findings of this study emphasize the importance of EBF up to six months of age of infants against diarrhea and ARI specific morbidity and mortality. Our results also agreed to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Child |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0263890 |
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This study used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data over 1996-97 to 2017-18. The mothers of infants aged 0-6 months who were willingly participated in the BDHSs were considered to include in our analysis. Initially, there were 9,133 cases in the combined dataset. After filtering, there were 5,724 cases in the final dataset. We have considered diarrhea (D), acute respiratory infection (ARI) separately as well as the presence of either D or ARI or both and named as CoDARI as outcome variables. This study used both graphical and statistical techniques (Chi-square test, Wald test, and logistic regression) to analyze the data. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to quantify the likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of EBF practice and its elasticity, respectively.
The EBF practice got a conspicuous increasing trend, but the prevalence of infectious diseases was declined from 0 to 3 months of age of infants, whereas an inverse scenario is observed between 4-6 months. The significance of that inverse relationship was confirmed by p-value corresponding to the chi-square test and the Wald test of the adjusted regression coefficients after adjusting the associated factor's effect on infectious diseases. The adjusted ORs also concluded that the lack of EBF practice up to six months of age could enhance the risk of D, ARI, and CoDARI by 2.11 [95% CI: 1.56-2.85], 1.43 [95% CI: 1.28-1.60], and 1.48 [95% CI: 1.32-1.66] times higher, respectively.
Findings of this study emphasize the importance of EBF up to six months of age of infants against diarrhea and ARI specific morbidity and mortality. Our results also agreed to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and National Nutrition Programme of Ethiopia (NNPE) that the EBF practice for the first six months of age could be a best, cost-effective, long-lasting natural preventive way to reduce the child morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases in developing countries. Therefore, findings would help policymakers ensuring the achievement target of REB and SDG-3 associated with the health sector in Bangladesh.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263890</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35171952</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Age ; Babies ; Bangladesh - epidemiology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Births ; Breast feeding ; Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data ; Breastfeeding & lactation ; Chi-square test ; Child mortality ; Children & youth ; Communicable Diseases - epidemiology ; Confidence intervals ; Datasets ; Demographic aspects ; Developing countries ; Diarrhea ; Electrification ; Female ; Food ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; Health surveys ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infants ; Infection ; Infectious diseases ; LDCs ; Male ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Morbidity ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Status ; Pediatrics ; People and Places ; Physical sciences ; Physicians ; Prevalence ; Regression coefficients ; Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology ; Risk factors ; Rural Population ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Statistical tests ; Sustainable development ; Variables</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2022-02, Vol.17 (2), p.e0263890-e0263890</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2022 Abdulla et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 Abdulla et al 2022 Abdulla et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-515ee08ee77d9ae05b4444496a670ccec09a485dd5cc9a155d46c854c278ba283</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-515ee08ee77d9ae05b4444496a670ccec09a485dd5cc9a155d46c854c278ba283</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0170-7182 ; 0000-0003-3952-5843 ; 0000-0003-3593-6936 ; 0000-0002-7670-5192</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8849615/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8849615/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,724,777,781,861,882,2096,2915,23847,27905,27906,53772,53774,79349,79350</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35171952$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Gurgel, Ricardo Q.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Abdulla, Faruq</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hossain, Md Moyazzem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karimuzzaman, Md</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Mohammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Azizur</creatorcontrib><title>Likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants in Bangladesh</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country trying to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-3 and the objective of the Rural Electrification Board (REB) regarding child mortality. Infectious diseases are leading causes of child mortality, and lack of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among infants aged 0-6 months increases child morbidity and mortality from various infectious diseases in developing countries. However, as per existing literature, no study has been conducted yet to determine the lack of EBF practice effect on child mortality in Bangladesh. With this backdrop, the authors intend to measure the likelihood of infectious diseases due to the lack of EBF of infants aged 0-6 months in Bangladesh.
This study used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data over 1996-97 to 2017-18. The mothers of infants aged 0-6 months who were willingly participated in the BDHSs were considered to include in our analysis. Initially, there were 9,133 cases in the combined dataset. After filtering, there were 5,724 cases in the final dataset. We have considered diarrhea (D), acute respiratory infection (ARI) separately as well as the presence of either D or ARI or both and named as CoDARI as outcome variables. This study used both graphical and statistical techniques (Chi-square test, Wald test, and logistic regression) to analyze the data. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to quantify the likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of EBF practice and its elasticity, respectively.
The EBF practice got a conspicuous increasing trend, but the prevalence of infectious diseases was declined from 0 to 3 months of age of infants, whereas an inverse scenario is observed between 4-6 months. The significance of that inverse relationship was confirmed by p-value corresponding to the chi-square test and the Wald test of the adjusted regression coefficients after adjusting the associated factor's effect on infectious diseases. The adjusted ORs also concluded that the lack of EBF practice up to six months of age could enhance the risk of D, ARI, and CoDARI by 2.11 [95% CI: 1.56-2.85], 1.43 [95% CI: 1.28-1.60], and 1.48 [95% CI: 1.32-1.66] times higher, respectively.
Findings of this study emphasize the importance of EBF up to six months of age of infants against diarrhea and ARI specific morbidity and mortality. Our results also agreed to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and National Nutrition Programme of Ethiopia (NNPE) that the EBF practice for the first six months of age could be a best, cost-effective, long-lasting natural preventive way to reduce the child morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases in developing countries. Therefore, findings would help policymakers ensuring the achievement target of REB and SDG-3 associated with the health sector in Bangladesh.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Babies</subject><subject>Bangladesh - epidemiology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Births</subject><subject>Breast feeding</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Breastfeeding & lactation</subject><subject>Chi-square test</subject><subject>Child mortality</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Communicable Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Datasets</subject><subject>Demographic aspects</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>Diarrhea</subject><subject>Electrification</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Health surveys</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Infants</subject><subject>Infection</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Nutritional Status</subject><subject>Pediatrics</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Physical sciences</subject><subject>Physicians</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Regression coefficients</subject><subject>Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Rural Population</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Statistical tests</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Variables</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNk-9r3CAYx8PYWLtu_8HYAoOxvbibmmj0zaAr-3FwUNivt2L0Sc7Wi9doSvffz_TSchl9sQhR9PN89fmVZS8xWuKiwh8u_NB3yi13voMlIqzgAj3KjrEoyIIRVDw-WB9lz0K4QIgWnLGn2VFBcYUFJceZWdtLcHbjvcl9k9uuAR2tH0JubAAVIC0GyKPPndKXIwI32g3BXkNe9wmIDYCxXZurrU__JKC6GNKcf1Jd65SBsHmePWmUC_Bimk-yX18-_zz7tliff12dna4XmgkSFxRTAMQBqsoIBYjW5fgJpliFtAaNhCo5NYZqLRSm1JRMc1pqUvFaEV6cZK_3ujvng5wCFCRhRBQ8BY0lYrUnjFcXctfbrer_SK-svN3wfStVH612II3QlJe8FsBIybCpCS61qmvAvBK6HrU-TrcN9RaMhi72ys1E5yed3cjWX0vOk0-YJoF3k0DvrwYIUW5t0OCc6iBl4PbdnBLGcELf_IM-7N1EtSo5kFLh0716FJWnTBSClJijRC0foNIwsLU6VVNj0_7M4P3MIDERbmKrhhDk6sf3_2fPf8_ZtwfsBpSLm-DdkOqvC3Ow3IO69yH00NwHGSM5NsNdNOTYDHJqhmT26jBB90Z31V_8Bd_FBQs</recordid><startdate>20220216</startdate><enddate>20220216</enddate><creator>Abdulla, Faruq</creator><creator>Hossain, Md Moyazzem</creator><creator>Karimuzzaman, Md</creator><creator>Ali, Mohammad</creator><creator>Rahman, Azizur</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>COVID</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-7182</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3952-5843</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3593-6936</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7670-5192</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220216</creationdate><title>Likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants in Bangladesh</title><author>Abdulla, Faruq ; Hossain, Md Moyazzem ; Karimuzzaman, Md ; Ali, Mohammad ; Rahman, Azizur</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-515ee08ee77d9ae05b4444496a670ccec09a485dd5cc9a155d46c854c278ba283</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Babies</topic><topic>Bangladesh - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Abdulla, Faruq</au><au>Hossain, Md Moyazzem</au><au>Karimuzzaman, Md</au><au>Ali, Mohammad</au><au>Rahman, Azizur</au><au>Gurgel, Ricardo Q.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants in Bangladesh</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2022-02-16</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0263890</spage><epage>e0263890</epage><pages>e0263890-e0263890</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Bangladesh is a South Asian developing country trying to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-3 and the objective of the Rural Electrification Board (REB) regarding child mortality. Infectious diseases are leading causes of child mortality, and lack of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among infants aged 0-6 months increases child morbidity and mortality from various infectious diseases in developing countries. However, as per existing literature, no study has been conducted yet to determine the lack of EBF practice effect on child mortality in Bangladesh. With this backdrop, the authors intend to measure the likelihood of infectious diseases due to the lack of EBF of infants aged 0-6 months in Bangladesh.
This study used Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data over 1996-97 to 2017-18. The mothers of infants aged 0-6 months who were willingly participated in the BDHSs were considered to include in our analysis. Initially, there were 9,133 cases in the combined dataset. After filtering, there were 5,724 cases in the final dataset. We have considered diarrhea (D), acute respiratory infection (ARI) separately as well as the presence of either D or ARI or both and named as CoDARI as outcome variables. This study used both graphical and statistical techniques (Chi-square test, Wald test, and logistic regression) to analyze the data. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to quantify the likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of EBF practice and its elasticity, respectively.
The EBF practice got a conspicuous increasing trend, but the prevalence of infectious diseases was declined from 0 to 3 months of age of infants, whereas an inverse scenario is observed between 4-6 months. The significance of that inverse relationship was confirmed by p-value corresponding to the chi-square test and the Wald test of the adjusted regression coefficients after adjusting the associated factor's effect on infectious diseases. The adjusted ORs also concluded that the lack of EBF practice up to six months of age could enhance the risk of D, ARI, and CoDARI by 2.11 [95% CI: 1.56-2.85], 1.43 [95% CI: 1.28-1.60], and 1.48 [95% CI: 1.32-1.66] times higher, respectively.
Findings of this study emphasize the importance of EBF up to six months of age of infants against diarrhea and ARI specific morbidity and mortality. Our results also agreed to the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), and National Nutrition Programme of Ethiopia (NNPE) that the EBF practice for the first six months of age could be a best, cost-effective, long-lasting natural preventive way to reduce the child morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases in developing countries. Therefore, findings would help policymakers ensuring the achievement target of REB and SDG-3 associated with the health sector in Bangladesh.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>35171952</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0263890</doi><tpages>e0263890</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-7182</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3952-5843</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3593-6936</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7670-5192</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2022-02, Vol.17 (2), p.e0263890-e0263890 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2629381376 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Age Babies Bangladesh - epidemiology Biology and Life Sciences Births Breast feeding Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data Breastfeeding & lactation Chi-square test Child mortality Children & youth Communicable Diseases - epidemiology Confidence intervals Datasets Demographic aspects Developing countries Diarrhea Electrification Female Food Health aspects Health risks Health surveys Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Infants Infection Infectious diseases LDCs Male Medicine and Health Sciences Morbidity Mortality Nutrition Nutritional Status Pediatrics People and Places Physical sciences Physicians Prevalence Regression coefficients Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology Risk factors Rural Population Statistical analysis Statistical methods Statistical tests Sustainable development Variables |
| title | Likelihood of infectious diseases due to lack of exclusive breastfeeding among infants in Bangladesh |
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