Substrate-to-inoculum ratio drives solid-state anaerobic digestion of unamended grape marc and cheese whey

Inoculation dose is a key operational parameter for the solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) of lignocellulosic biomass, maximum methane recovery, and stable digester performance. The novelty of this study was the co-digestion of unamended full-strength grape marc and cheese whey for peak methane extraction at variable inoculation levels. An acclimatised digestate from a preceding anaerobic treatment was used as a downstream inoculum. The impact of inoculum size (wet weight) was evaluated at 0/10, 5/5, 7/3 and 9/1 substrate-to-inoculum (S/I) ratios, corresponding to an initial concentration of 20-30% total solids (TS) in digesters over 58 days at 45°C. The optimal 7/3 S/I produced the highest cumulative methane yield, 6.45 L CH4 kg-1 VS, coinciding with the lowest initial salinity at 11%; the highest volumetric methane productivity rate of 0.289±0.044 L CH4 LWork-1 d-1; the highest average COD/N ratio of 9.88; the highest final pH of 9.13, and a maximum 15.07% elemental carbon removal; for a lag time of 9.4 days. This study identified an optimal inoculation dose and opens up an avenue for the direct co-digestion of grape marc and cheese whey without requirements for substrate pretreatment, thus improving the overall bioenergy profile of the winery and dairy joint resource recovery operations.