Transforming and comparing data between standard SQUID and OPM-MEG systems
Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have recently become so sensitive that they are suitable for use in magnetoencephalography (MEG). These sensors solve operational problems of the current standard MEG, where superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometers and magnetometers are b...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2022-01, Vol.17 (1), p.e0262669-e0262669 |
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| creator | Marhl, Urban Jodko-Władzińska, Anna Brühl, Rüdiger Sander, Tilmann Jazbinšek, Vojko |
| description | Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have recently become so sensitive that they are suitable for use in magnetoencephalography (MEG). These sensors solve operational problems of the current standard MEG, where superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometers and magnetometers are being used. The main advantage of OPMs is that they do not require cryogenics for cooling. Therefore, they can be placed closer to the scalp and are much easier to use. Here, we measured auditory evoked fields (AEFs) with both SQUID- and OPM-based MEG systems for a group of subjects to better understand the usage of a limited sensor count OPM-MEG. We present a theoretical framework that transforms the within subject data and equivalent simulation data from one MEG system to the other. This approach works on the principle of solving the inverse problem with one system, and then using the forward model to calculate the magnetic fields expected for the other system. For the source reconstruction, we used a minimum norm estimate (MNE) of the current distribution. Two different volume conductor models were compared: the homogeneous conducting sphere and the three-shell model of the head. The transformation results are characterized by a relative error and cross-correlation between the measured and the estimated magnetic field maps of the AEFs. The results for both models are encouraging. Since some commercial OPMs measure multiple components of the magnetic field simultaneously, we additionally analyzed the effect of tangential field components. Overall, our dual-axis OPM-MEG with 15 sensors yields similar information to a 62-channel SQUID-MEG with its field of view restricted to the right hemisphere. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0262669 |
| format | Article |
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These sensors solve operational problems of the current standard MEG, where superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometers and magnetometers are being used. The main advantage of OPMs is that they do not require cryogenics for cooling. Therefore, they can be placed closer to the scalp and are much easier to use. Here, we measured auditory evoked fields (AEFs) with both SQUID- and OPM-based MEG systems for a group of subjects to better understand the usage of a limited sensor count OPM-MEG. We present a theoretical framework that transforms the within subject data and equivalent simulation data from one MEG system to the other. This approach works on the principle of solving the inverse problem with one system, and then using the forward model to calculate the magnetic fields expected for the other system. For the source reconstruction, we used a minimum norm estimate (MNE) of the current distribution. Two different volume conductor models were compared: the homogeneous conducting sphere and the three-shell model of the head. The transformation results are characterized by a relative error and cross-correlation between the measured and the estimated magnetic field maps of the AEFs. The results for both models are encouraging. Since some commercial OPMs measure multiple components of the magnetic field simultaneously, we additionally analyzed the effect of tangential field components. Overall, our dual-axis OPM-MEG with 15 sensors yields similar information to a 62-channel SQUID-MEG with its field of view restricted to the right hemisphere.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262669</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35045107</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animals ; Auditory evoked response ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Brain - physiology ; Brain mapping ; Comparative analysis ; Computer Simulation ; Conduction ; Conductors ; Cross correlation ; Current distribution ; Engineering and Technology ; Equipment Design ; Error analysis ; Field of view ; Gradiometers ; Hemispheric laterality ; Humans ; Inverse problems ; Magnetic Fields ; Magnetic measurement ; Magnetoencephalography ; Magnetoencephalography - methods ; Magnetometer ; Magnetometers ; Magnetometry - methods ; Mathematics ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Methods ; Modelling ; Noise ; Operational problems ; Optics and Photonics ; Performance evaluation ; Physical Sciences ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Scalp ; Sensors ; Superconducting quantum interference devices ; Superconductivity</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2022-01, Vol.17 (1), p.e0262669-e0262669</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2022 Marhl et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Two different volume conductor models were compared: the homogeneous conducting sphere and the three-shell model of the head. The transformation results are characterized by a relative error and cross-correlation between the measured and the estimated magnetic field maps of the AEFs. The results for both models are encouraging. Since some commercial OPMs measure multiple components of the magnetic field simultaneously, we additionally analyzed the effect of tangential field components. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Marhl, Urban</au><au>Jodko-Władzińska, Anna</au><au>Brühl, Rüdiger</au><au>Sander, Tilmann</au><au>Jazbinšek, Vojko</au><au>Papadelis, Christos</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Transforming and comparing data between standard SQUID and OPM-MEG systems</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2022-01-19</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e0262669</spage><epage>e0262669</epage><pages>e0262669-e0262669</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have recently become so sensitive that they are suitable for use in magnetoencephalography (MEG). These sensors solve operational problems of the current standard MEG, where superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometers and magnetometers are being used. The main advantage of OPMs is that they do not require cryogenics for cooling. Therefore, they can be placed closer to the scalp and are much easier to use. Here, we measured auditory evoked fields (AEFs) with both SQUID- and OPM-based MEG systems for a group of subjects to better understand the usage of a limited sensor count OPM-MEG. We present a theoretical framework that transforms the within subject data and equivalent simulation data from one MEG system to the other. This approach works on the principle of solving the inverse problem with one system, and then using the forward model to calculate the magnetic fields expected for the other system. For the source reconstruction, we used a minimum norm estimate (MNE) of the current distribution. Two different volume conductor models were compared: the homogeneous conducting sphere and the three-shell model of the head. The transformation results are characterized by a relative error and cross-correlation between the measured and the estimated magnetic field maps of the AEFs. The results for both models are encouraging. Since some commercial OPMs measure multiple components of the magnetic field simultaneously, we additionally analyzed the effect of tangential field components. Overall, our dual-axis OPM-MEG with 15 sensors yields similar information to a 62-channel SQUID-MEG with its field of view restricted to the right hemisphere.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>35045107</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0262669</doi><tpages>e0262669</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5856-2872</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1562-8434</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Auditory evoked response Biology and Life Sciences Brain - physiology Brain mapping Comparative analysis Computer Simulation Conduction Conductors Cross correlation Current distribution Engineering and Technology Equipment Design Error analysis Field of view Gradiometers Hemispheric laterality Humans Inverse problems Magnetic Fields Magnetic measurement Magnetoencephalography Magnetoencephalography - methods Magnetometer Magnetometers Magnetometry - methods Mathematics Medicine and Health Sciences Methods Modelling Noise Operational problems Optics and Photonics Performance evaluation Physical Sciences Research and Analysis Methods Scalp Sensors Superconducting quantum interference devices Superconductivity |
| title | Transforming and comparing data between standard SQUID and OPM-MEG systems |
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