Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire
The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2021-12, Vol.15 (12), p.e0010036-e0010036 |
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| creator | Traoré, Barkissa Mélika Koffi, Mathurin N'Djetchi, Martial Kassi Kaba, Dramane Kaboré, Jacques Ilboudo, Hamidou Ahouty, Bernadin Ahouty Koné, Minayégninrin Coulibaly, Bamoro Konan, Thomas Segard, Adeline Kouakou, Lingué De Meeûs, Thierry Ravel, Sophie Solano, Philippe Bart, Jean-Mathieu Jamonneau, Vincent |
| description | The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's.
For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations.
No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively.
Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010036 |
| format | Article |
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For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations.
No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively.
Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. 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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's.
For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations.
No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively.
Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT.</description><subject>African trypanosomiasis</subject><subject>Agglutination tests</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Animals as carriers of disease</subject><subject>Animals, Domestic - parasitology</subject><subject>Anion exchange</subject><subject>Anion exchanging</subject><subject>Anions</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Buffy coat</subject><subject>Centrifugation</subject><subject>Centrifuging</subject><subject>Consent</subject><subject>Cote d'Ivoire - epidemiology</subject><subject>Deoxyribonucleic acid</subject><subject>Detection</subject><subject>Disease Reservoirs - parasitology</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Free range husbandry</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hogs</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Identification</subject><subject>Identification and classification</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Nucleotide sequence</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Parasitic diseases</subject><subject>PCR</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Serology</subject><subject>Strains</subject><subject>Surveying</subject><subject>Swine</subject><subject>Swine Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Swine Diseases - parasitology</subject><subject>Transmission</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - genetics</subject><subject>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - physiology</subject><subject>Trypanosoma congolense - genetics</subject><subject>Trypanosoma congolense - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Trypanosoma congolense - physiology</subject><subject>Trypanosome</subject><subject>Trypanosomiasis, African - epidemiology</subject><subject>Trypanosomiasis, African - parasitology</subject><subject>Trypanosomiasis, African - veterinary</subject><subject>Vector-borne diseases</subject><subject>Zoonoses</subject><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><issn>1935-2735</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUttu1DAQjRCIlsIfILCEBDyQxZdcX5CqisJKlXgpvFqOM856cezUTlbqR_HGH_BjOGxa7aLKDx6Nz5zjOTNJ8pLgFWEl-bh1k7fCrAY7tiuMCcaseJSckprlKS1Z_vggPkmehbDFOK_zijxNTlhWsxLn2Wny69IDpF7YTtsODboLSLdgR600tEgEJFA_mVGnHgL4ndMeOYWu_e0grAuuF6jxkwSNhG2P0tLZzhmwAZC2aNwA-iF2bhJIeBAfIu1Gh9F5LYVBwQAMs37Q8qeFEJBycgqz0sWf3yOg9t16lobnyRMlTIAXy32WfL_8fH3xNb369mV9cX6VyoJmYyokzVXeKEZwgWlJGlAlVFWdY6kyFkNWqaouMxASakrKGmguSxbtiY6xpmRnyes972Bc4IvTgdOCYkJoXdKIWO8RrRNbPnjdC3_LndD8X8L5jgs_ammAl6ytFcmLirVZloGsCiklbYFVDWWFFJHr06I2NT20MtrvhTkiPX6xesM7t-NVHG1BWCR4vxB4dzNBGHmvgwRjhAU3zf8mjMbu8dzZm_-gD3e3oDoRG9BWuagrZ1J-XkQjWTxFRK0eQMXTQq_j_EHpmD8qeHtQsAFhxk1wZhq1s-EYmO2B0rsQPKh7Mwjm8_bf_ZrP28-X7Y9lrw6NvC-6W3f2F7zaBFU</recordid><startdate>20211201</startdate><enddate>20211201</enddate><creator>Traoré, Barkissa Mélika</creator><creator>Koffi, Mathurin</creator><creator>N'Djetchi, Martial Kassi</creator><creator>Kaba, Dramane</creator><creator>Kaboré, Jacques</creator><creator>Ilboudo, Hamidou</creator><creator>Ahouty, Bernadin Ahouty</creator><creator>Koné, Minayégninrin</creator><creator>Coulibaly, Bamoro</creator><creator>Konan, Thomas</creator><creator>Segard, Adeline</creator><creator>Kouakou, Lingué</creator><creator>De Meeûs, Thierry</creator><creator>Ravel, Sophie</creator><creator>Solano, Philippe</creator><creator>Bart, Jean-Mathieu</creator><creator>Jamonneau, Vincent</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8807-241X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-3506</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-0769</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-7718</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-7435</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5707-3778</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211201</creationdate><title>Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire</title><author>Traoré, Barkissa Mélika ; Koffi, Mathurin ; N'Djetchi, Martial Kassi ; Kaba, Dramane ; Kaboré, Jacques ; Ilboudo, Hamidou ; Ahouty, Bernadin Ahouty ; Koné, Minayégninrin ; Coulibaly, Bamoro ; Konan, Thomas ; Segard, Adeline ; Kouakou, Lingué ; De Meeûs, Thierry ; Ravel, Sophie ; Solano, Philippe ; Bart, Jean-Mathieu ; Jamonneau, Vincent</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c624t-ac25f5bf31060271bef7e88950cf437e838f8974eace92179e25c730591933b73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>African trypanosomiasis</topic><topic>Agglutination tests</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Animals as carriers of disease</topic><topic>Animals, Domestic - parasitology</topic><topic>Anion exchange</topic><topic>Anion exchanging</topic><topic>Anions</topic><topic>Antigens</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Blood</topic><topic>Buffy coat</topic><topic>Centrifugation</topic><topic>Centrifuging</topic><topic>Consent</topic><topic>Cote d'Ivoire - epidemiology</topic><topic>Deoxyribonucleic acid</topic><topic>Detection</topic><topic>Disease Reservoirs - parasitology</topic><topic>DNA</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Free range husbandry</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Hogs</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Identification</topic><topic>Identification and classification</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Nucleotide sequence</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>Parasitic diseases</topic><topic>PCR</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Polymerase Chain Reaction</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Research and Analysis Methods</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Serology</topic><topic>Strains</topic><topic>Surveying</topic><topic>Swine</topic><topic>Swine Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Swine Diseases - parasitology</topic><topic>Transmission</topic><topic>Tropical diseases</topic><topic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - genetics</topic><topic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - physiology</topic><topic>Trypanosoma congolense - genetics</topic><topic>Trypanosoma congolense - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Trypanosoma congolense - physiology</topic><topic>Trypanosome</topic><topic>Trypanosomiasis, African - epidemiology</topic><topic>Trypanosomiasis, African - parasitology</topic><topic>Trypanosomiasis, African - veterinary</topic><topic>Vector-borne diseases</topic><topic>Zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Traoré, Barkissa Mélika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koffi, Mathurin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>N'Djetchi, Martial Kassi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaba, Dramane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaboré, Jacques</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ilboudo, Hamidou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahouty, Bernadin Ahouty</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Koné, Minayégninrin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coulibaly, Bamoro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Konan, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Segard, Adeline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kouakou, Lingué</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>De Meeûs, Thierry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ravel, Sophie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Solano, Philippe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bart, Jean-Mathieu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jamonneau, Vincent</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Traoré, Barkissa Mélika</au><au>Koffi, Mathurin</au><au>N'Djetchi, Martial Kassi</au><au>Kaba, Dramane</au><au>Kaboré, Jacques</au><au>Ilboudo, Hamidou</au><au>Ahouty, Bernadin Ahouty</au><au>Koné, Minayégninrin</au><au>Coulibaly, Bamoro</au><au>Konan, Thomas</au><au>Segard, Adeline</au><au>Kouakou, Lingué</au><au>De Meeûs, Thierry</au><au>Ravel, Sophie</au><au>Solano, Philippe</au><au>Bart, Jean-Mathieu</au><au>Jamonneau, Vincent</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</addtitle><date>2021-12-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>e0010036</spage><epage>e0010036</epage><pages>e0010036-e0010036</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T. b. gambiense), the agent of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), may compromise the interruption of transmission targeted by World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of trypanosomes in pigs and people in the Vavoua HAT historical focus where cases were still diagnosed in the early 2010's.
For the human survey, we used the CATT, mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique and immune trypanolysis tests. For the animal survey, the buffy coat technique was also used as well as the PCR using Trypanosoma species specific, including the T. b. gambiense TgsGP detection using single round and nested PCRs, performed from animal blood samples and from strains isolated from subjects positive for parasitological investigations.
No HAT cases were detected among 345 people tested. A total of 167 pigs were investigated. Free-ranging pigs appeared significantly more infected than pigs in pen. Over 70% of free-ranging pigs were positive for CATT and parasitological investigations and 27-43% were positive to trypanolysis depending on the antigen used. T. brucei was the most prevalent species (57%) followed by T. congolense (24%). Blood sample extracted DNA of T. brucei positive subjects were negative to single round TgsGP PCR. However, 1/22 and 6/22 isolated strains were positive with single round and nested TgsGP PCRs, respectively.
Free-ranging pigs were identified as a multi-reservoir of T. brucei and/or T. congolense with mixed infections of different strains. This trypanosome diversity hinders the easy and direct detection of T. b. gambiense. We highlight the lack of tools to prove or exclude with certainty the presence of T. b. gambiense. This study once more highlights the need of technical improvements to explore the role of animals in the epidemiology of HAT.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34937054</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pntd.0010036</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8807-241X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-3506</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-0769</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3936-7718</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-7435</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5707-3778</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1935-2735 |
| ispartof | PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021-12, Vol.15 (12), p.e0010036-e0010036 |
| issn | 1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2620112972 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | African trypanosomiasis Agglutination tests Animals Animals as carriers of disease Animals, Domestic - parasitology Anion exchange Anion exchanging Anions Antigens Biology and Life Sciences Blood Buffy coat Centrifugation Centrifuging Consent Cote d'Ivoire - epidemiology Deoxyribonucleic acid Detection Disease Reservoirs - parasitology DNA Epidemiology Free range husbandry Health aspects Hogs Humans Identification Identification and classification Medicine and Health Sciences Nucleotide sequence Parasites Parasitic diseases PCR Plasma Polls & surveys Polymerase Chain Reaction Public health Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Serology Strains Surveying Swine Swine Diseases - epidemiology Swine Diseases - parasitology Transmission Tropical diseases Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - genetics Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - isolation & purification Trypanosoma brucei gambiense - physiology Trypanosoma congolense - genetics Trypanosoma congolense - isolation & purification Trypanosoma congolense - physiology Trypanosome Trypanosomiasis, African - epidemiology Trypanosomiasis, African - parasitology Trypanosomiasis, African - veterinary Vector-borne diseases Zoonoses |
| title | Free-ranging pigs identified as a multi-reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense in the Vavoua area, a historical sleeping sickness focus of Côte d'Ivoire |
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