Analysis of the spatial differentiation and scale effects of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in Xi'an, China
Three-dimensional landscape patterns are an effective means to study the relationship between landscape pattern evolution and eco-environmental effects. This paper selects six districts in Xi'an as the study area to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of the three-dimensional archi...
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| description | Three-dimensional landscape patterns are an effective means to study the relationship between landscape pattern evolution and eco-environmental effects. This paper selects six districts in Xi'an as the study area to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in the city's main urban area using three-dimensional information on the buildings in 2020 with the support of GIS. In this study, two new architectural landscape indices-landscape height variable coefficient and building rugosity index-were employed in landscape pattern analysis, whilst a system of rigorous and comprehensive three-dimensional architectural landscape metrics was established using principal component analysis. A mathematical model of weighted change of landscape metrics based on the objective weighting method was applied to carry out scale analysis of the landscape patterns. Spatial statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis were conducted to comprehensively study the differentiation of three-dimensional architectural landscape spatial patterns. The results show that the characteristic scale of the three-dimensional landscape pattern in Xi'an's main urban area is around 8 km. Moreover, the three-dimensional landscape of the buildings in this area is spatially positively correlated, exhibiting a high degree of spatial autocorrelation whilst only showing small spatial differences. The layout of the architectural landscape pattern is disorderly and chaotic within the second ring, whilst the clustering of patch types occurs near the third ring. Moreover, the building density in the Beilin, Lianhu, and Xincheng districts is large, the building height types are rich, and the roughness of the underlying surface is high, such that these are key areas to be improved through urban renewal. The height, volume, density, morphological heterogeneity, and vertical roughness of the architectural landscape vary amongst functional areas within the study area. This paper is the first to apply the study of spatial heterogeneity of three-dimensional landscape patterns to Xi'an. It does so in order to provide a quantitative basis for urban landscape ecological design for urban renewal and the rational planning of built-up areas, which will promote the sustainable development of the city's urban environment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0261846 |
| format | Article |
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This paper selects six districts in Xi'an as the study area to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in the city's main urban area using three-dimensional information on the buildings in 2020 with the support of GIS. In this study, two new architectural landscape indices-landscape height variable coefficient and building rugosity index-were employed in landscape pattern analysis, whilst a system of rigorous and comprehensive three-dimensional architectural landscape metrics was established using principal component analysis. A mathematical model of weighted change of landscape metrics based on the objective weighting method was applied to carry out scale analysis of the landscape patterns. Spatial statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis were conducted to comprehensively study the differentiation of three-dimensional architectural landscape spatial patterns. The results show that the characteristic scale of the three-dimensional landscape pattern in Xi'an's main urban area is around 8 km. Moreover, the three-dimensional landscape of the buildings in this area is spatially positively correlated, exhibiting a high degree of spatial autocorrelation whilst only showing small spatial differences. The layout of the architectural landscape pattern is disorderly and chaotic within the second ring, whilst the clustering of patch types occurs near the third ring. Moreover, the building density in the Beilin, Lianhu, and Xincheng districts is large, the building height types are rich, and the roughness of the underlying surface is high, such that these are key areas to be improved through urban renewal. The height, volume, density, morphological heterogeneity, and vertical roughness of the architectural landscape vary amongst functional areas within the study area. This paper is the first to apply the study of spatial heterogeneity of three-dimensional landscape patterns to Xi'an. It does so in order to provide a quantitative basis for urban landscape ecological design for urban renewal and the rational planning of built-up areas, which will promote the sustainable development of the city's urban environment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261846</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34962958</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Architectural engineering ; Architecture ; Autocorrelation ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Buildings ; China ; Cities ; City Planning ; Climate ; Clustering ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Construction ; Density ; Differentiation ; Earth Sciences ; Ecology ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Ecosystem ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental effects ; Evaluation ; Geographic Information Systems ; Geography ; Geospatial data ; Heterogeneity ; Land use ; Landscape architecture ; Landscape design ; Landscape ecology ; Mathematical analysis ; Mathematical models ; Models, Theoretical ; Pattern analysis ; Photogrammetry ; Physical Sciences ; Population ; Principal Component Analysis ; Principal components analysis ; Remote sensing ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Roads & highways ; Roughness ; Social Sciences ; Software ; Spatial Analysis ; Spatial distribution ; Spatial heterogeneity ; Statistical analysis ; Sustainable design ; Sustainable Development ; Urban areas ; Urban environments ; Urban Renewal ; Weighting methods</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-12, Vol.16 (12), p.e0261846</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Ren et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Ren et al 2021 Ren et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-6c5195d45286e92d38339c5b00aa3b6dd0c71b78d8ddb06e8c99ad826bc33f093</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-6c5195d45286e92d38339c5b00aa3b6dd0c71b78d8ddb06e8c99ad826bc33f093</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9076-8544</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8714097/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8714097/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34962958$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ren, Wenjing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Jingyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Xina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiao</creatorcontrib><title>Analysis of the spatial differentiation and scale effects of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in Xi'an, China</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Three-dimensional landscape patterns are an effective means to study the relationship between landscape pattern evolution and eco-environmental effects. This paper selects six districts in Xi'an as the study area to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in the city's main urban area using three-dimensional information on the buildings in 2020 with the support of GIS. In this study, two new architectural landscape indices-landscape height variable coefficient and building rugosity index-were employed in landscape pattern analysis, whilst a system of rigorous and comprehensive three-dimensional architectural landscape metrics was established using principal component analysis. A mathematical model of weighted change of landscape metrics based on the objective weighting method was applied to carry out scale analysis of the landscape patterns. Spatial statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis were conducted to comprehensively study the differentiation of three-dimensional architectural landscape spatial patterns. The results show that the characteristic scale of the three-dimensional landscape pattern in Xi'an's main urban area is around 8 km. Moreover, the three-dimensional landscape of the buildings in this area is spatially positively correlated, exhibiting a high degree of spatial autocorrelation whilst only showing small spatial differences. The layout of the architectural landscape pattern is disorderly and chaotic within the second ring, whilst the clustering of patch types occurs near the third ring. Moreover, the building density in the Beilin, Lianhu, and Xincheng districts is large, the building height types are rich, and the roughness of the underlying surface is high, such that these are key areas to be improved through urban renewal. The height, volume, density, morphological heterogeneity, and vertical roughness of the architectural landscape vary amongst functional areas within the study area. This paper is the first to apply the study of spatial heterogeneity of three-dimensional landscape patterns to Xi'an. It does so in order to provide a quantitative basis for urban landscape ecological design for urban renewal and the rational planning of built-up areas, which will promote the sustainable development of the city's urban environment.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Architectural engineering</subject><subject>Architecture</subject><subject>Autocorrelation</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Buildings</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>City Planning</subject><subject>Climate</subject><subject>Clustering</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources</subject><subject>Construction</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Differentiation</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Environmental 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of the spatial differentiation and scale effects of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in Xi'an, China</title><author>Ren, Wenjing ; Zhao, Jingyuan ; Ma, Xina ; Wang, Xiao</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c585t-6c5195d45286e92d38339c5b00aa3b6dd0c71b78d8ddb06e8c99ad826bc33f093</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Architectural engineering</topic><topic>Architecture</topic><topic>Autocorrelation</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Buildings</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>City Planning</topic><topic>Climate</topic><topic>Clustering</topic><topic>Computer and Information Sciences</topic><topic>Conservation of Natural Resources</topic><topic>Construction</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Differentiation</topic><topic>Earth 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One</addtitle><date>2021-12-28</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>e0261846</spage><pages>e0261846-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Three-dimensional landscape patterns are an effective means to study the relationship between landscape pattern evolution and eco-environmental effects. This paper selects six districts in Xi'an as the study area to examine the spatial distribution characteristics of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in the city's main urban area using three-dimensional information on the buildings in 2020 with the support of GIS. In this study, two new architectural landscape indices-landscape height variable coefficient and building rugosity index-were employed in landscape pattern analysis, whilst a system of rigorous and comprehensive three-dimensional architectural landscape metrics was established using principal component analysis. A mathematical model of weighted change of landscape metrics based on the objective weighting method was applied to carry out scale analysis of the landscape patterns. Spatial statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis were conducted to comprehensively study the differentiation of three-dimensional architectural landscape spatial patterns. The results show that the characteristic scale of the three-dimensional landscape pattern in Xi'an's main urban area is around 8 km. Moreover, the three-dimensional landscape of the buildings in this area is spatially positively correlated, exhibiting a high degree of spatial autocorrelation whilst only showing small spatial differences. The layout of the architectural landscape pattern is disorderly and chaotic within the second ring, whilst the clustering of patch types occurs near the third ring. Moreover, the building density in the Beilin, Lianhu, and Xincheng districts is large, the building height types are rich, and the roughness of the underlying surface is high, such that these are key areas to be improved through urban renewal. The height, volume, density, morphological heterogeneity, and vertical roughness of the architectural landscape vary amongst functional areas within the study area. This paper is the first to apply the study of spatial heterogeneity of three-dimensional landscape patterns to Xi'an. It does so in order to provide a quantitative basis for urban landscape ecological design for urban renewal and the rational planning of built-up areas, which will promote the sustainable development of the city's urban environment.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34962958</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0261846</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9076-8544</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Analysis Architectural engineering Architecture Autocorrelation Biology and Life Sciences Buildings China Cities City Planning Climate Clustering Computer and Information Sciences Conservation of Natural Resources Construction Density Differentiation Earth Sciences Ecology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Ecosystem Environmental aspects Environmental effects Evaluation Geographic Information Systems Geography Geospatial data Heterogeneity Land use Landscape architecture Landscape design Landscape ecology Mathematical analysis Mathematical models Models, Theoretical Pattern analysis Photogrammetry Physical Sciences Population Principal Component Analysis Principal components analysis Remote sensing Research and Analysis Methods Roads & highways Roughness Social Sciences Software Spatial Analysis Spatial distribution Spatial heterogeneity Statistical analysis Sustainable design Sustainable Development Urban areas Urban environments Urban Renewal Weighting methods |
| title | Analysis of the spatial differentiation and scale effects of the three-dimensional architectural landscape in Xi'an, China |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-21T19%3A56%3A21IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%20of%20the%20spatial%20differentiation%20and%20scale%20effects%20of%20the%20three-dimensional%20architectural%20landscape%20in%20Xi'an,%20China&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Ren,%20Wenjing&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=e0261846&rft.pages=e0261846-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0261846&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA688145264%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2615092730&rft_id=info:pmid/34962958&rft_galeid=A688145264&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_b5a711eed1ee423fa471a4eda0f015c0&rfr_iscdi=true |