Flooding and ecological restoration promote wetland microbial communities and soil functions on former cranberry farmland
Microbial communities are early responders to wetland degradation, and instrumental players in the reversal of this degradation. However, our understanding of soil microbial community structure and function throughout wetland development remains incomplete. We conducted a survey across cranberry far...
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| description | Microbial communities are early responders to wetland degradation, and instrumental players in the reversal of this degradation. However, our understanding of soil microbial community structure and function throughout wetland development remains incomplete. We conducted a survey across cranberry farms, young retired farms, old retired farms, flooded former farms, ecologically restored former farms, and natural reference wetlands with no history of cranberry farming. We investigated the relationship between the microbial community and soil characteristics that restoration intends to maximize, such as soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and denitrification potential. Among the five treatments considered, flooded and restored sites had the highest prokaryote and microeukaryote community similarity to natural wetlands. In contrast, young retired sites had similar communities to farms, and old retired sites failed to develop wetland microbial communities or functions. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed that soil variables, in particular potassium base saturation, sodium, and denitrification potential, explained 45% of the variation in prokaryote communities and 44% of the variation in microeukaryote communities, segregating soil samples into two clouds in ordination space: farm, old retired and young retired sites on one side and restored, flooded, and natural sites on the other. Heat trees revealed possible prokaryotic (Gemmatimonadetes) and microeukaryotic (Rhizaria) indicators of wetland development, along with a drop in the dominance of Nucletmycea in restored sites, a class that includes suspected mycorrhizal symbionts of the cranberry crop. Flooded sites showed the strongest evidence of wetland development, with triple the soil organic matter accumulation, double the cation exchange capacity, and seventy times the denitrification potential compared to farms. However, given that flooding does not promote any of the watershed or habitat benefits as ecological restoration, we suggest that flooding can be used to stimulate beneficial microbial communities and soil functions during the restoration waiting period, or when restoration is not an option. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0260933 |
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However, our understanding of soil microbial community structure and function throughout wetland development remains incomplete. We conducted a survey across cranberry farms, young retired farms, old retired farms, flooded former farms, ecologically restored former farms, and natural reference wetlands with no history of cranberry farming. We investigated the relationship between the microbial community and soil characteristics that restoration intends to maximize, such as soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and denitrification potential. Among the five treatments considered, flooded and restored sites had the highest prokaryote and microeukaryote community similarity to natural wetlands. In contrast, young retired sites had similar communities to farms, and old retired sites failed to develop wetland microbial communities or functions. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed that soil variables, in particular potassium base saturation, sodium, and denitrification potential, explained 45% of the variation in prokaryote communities and 44% of the variation in microeukaryote communities, segregating soil samples into two clouds in ordination space: farm, old retired and young retired sites on one side and restored, flooded, and natural sites on the other. Heat trees revealed possible prokaryotic (Gemmatimonadetes) and microeukaryotic (Rhizaria) indicators of wetland development, along with a drop in the dominance of Nucletmycea in restored sites, a class that includes suspected mycorrhizal symbionts of the cranberry crop. Flooded sites showed the strongest evidence of wetland development, with triple the soil organic matter accumulation, double the cation exchange capacity, and seventy times the denitrification potential compared to farms. However, given that flooding does not promote any of the watershed or habitat benefits as ecological restoration, we suggest that flooding can be used to stimulate beneficial microbial communities and soil functions during the restoration waiting period, or when restoration is not an option.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260933</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34919560</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Agricultural land ; Agriculture ; Biogeochemistry ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cation exchange ; Cation exchanging ; Community structure ; Cranberries ; Dams ; Denitrification ; DNA, Environmental - analysis ; Earth Sciences ; Ecological restoration ; Ecology ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Ecosystem biology ; Ecosystems ; Environmental degradation ; Environmental restoration ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Environmental studies ; Evaluation ; Farms ; Flooding ; Floods ; Massachusetts ; Mathematical analysis ; Methods ; Microbial activity ; Microbiomes ; Microbiota ; Microorganisms ; Nitrogen ; Ordination ; Organic matter ; Organic soils ; Physical Sciences ; Potassium ; Prokaryotes ; Protection and preservation ; Restoration ; River ecology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sodium ; Soil ; Soil characteristics ; Soil investigations ; Soil Microbiology ; Soil microorganisms ; Soil organic matter ; Soil structure ; Soils ; Structure-function relationships ; Symbionts ; Vaccinium macrocarpon - growth & development ; Wetlands</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-12, Vol.16 (12), p.e0260933-e0260933</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Rubin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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However, our understanding of soil microbial community structure and function throughout wetland development remains incomplete. We conducted a survey across cranberry farms, young retired farms, old retired farms, flooded former farms, ecologically restored former farms, and natural reference wetlands with no history of cranberry farming. We investigated the relationship between the microbial community and soil characteristics that restoration intends to maximize, such as soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and denitrification potential. Among the five treatments considered, flooded and restored sites had the highest prokaryote and microeukaryote community similarity to natural wetlands. In contrast, young retired sites had similar communities to farms, and old retired sites failed to develop wetland microbial communities or functions. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed that soil variables, in particular potassium base saturation, sodium, and denitrification potential, explained 45% of the variation in prokaryote communities and 44% of the variation in microeukaryote communities, segregating soil samples into two clouds in ordination space: farm, old retired and young retired sites on one side and restored, flooded, and natural sites on the other. Heat trees revealed possible prokaryotic (Gemmatimonadetes) and microeukaryotic (Rhizaria) indicators of wetland development, along with a drop in the dominance of Nucletmycea in restored sites, a class that includes suspected mycorrhizal symbionts of the cranberry crop. Flooded sites showed the strongest evidence of wetland development, with triple the soil organic matter accumulation, double the cation exchange capacity, and seventy times the denitrification potential compared to farms. However, given that flooding does not promote any of the watershed or habitat benefits as ecological restoration, we suggest that flooding can be used to stimulate beneficial microbial communities and soil functions during the restoration waiting period, or when restoration is not an option.</description><subject>Agricultural land</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Biogeochemistry</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cation exchange</subject><subject>Cation exchanging</subject><subject>Community structure</subject><subject>Cranberries</subject><subject>Dams</subject><subject>Denitrification</subject><subject>DNA, Environmental - analysis</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecological restoration</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Ecosystem biology</subject><subject>Ecosystems</subject><subject>Environmental degradation</subject><subject>Environmental restoration</subject><subject>Environmental Restoration and Remediation</subject><subject>Environmental studies</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Farms</subject><subject>Flooding</subject><subject>Floods</subject><subject>Massachusetts</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Microbial activity</subject><subject>Microbiomes</subject><subject>Microbiota</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Nitrogen</subject><subject>Ordination</subject><subject>Organic matter</subject><subject>Organic soils</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Prokaryotes</subject><subject>Protection and preservation</subject><subject>Restoration</subject><subject>River ecology</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, DNA</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil characteristics</subject><subject>Soil investigations</subject><subject>Soil Microbiology</subject><subject>Soil microorganisms</subject><subject>Soil organic matter</subject><subject>Soil structure</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Structure-function relationships</subject><subject>Symbionts</subject><subject>Vaccinium macrocarpon - 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However, our understanding of soil microbial community structure and function throughout wetland development remains incomplete. We conducted a survey across cranberry farms, young retired farms, old retired farms, flooded former farms, ecologically restored former farms, and natural reference wetlands with no history of cranberry farming. We investigated the relationship between the microbial community and soil characteristics that restoration intends to maximize, such as soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity and denitrification potential. Among the five treatments considered, flooded and restored sites had the highest prokaryote and microeukaryote community similarity to natural wetlands. In contrast, young retired sites had similar communities to farms, and old retired sites failed to develop wetland microbial communities or functions. Canonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed that soil variables, in particular potassium base saturation, sodium, and denitrification potential, explained 45% of the variation in prokaryote communities and 44% of the variation in microeukaryote communities, segregating soil samples into two clouds in ordination space: farm, old retired and young retired sites on one side and restored, flooded, and natural sites on the other. Heat trees revealed possible prokaryotic (Gemmatimonadetes) and microeukaryotic (Rhizaria) indicators of wetland development, along with a drop in the dominance of Nucletmycea in restored sites, a class that includes suspected mycorrhizal symbionts of the cranberry crop. Flooded sites showed the strongest evidence of wetland development, with triple the soil organic matter accumulation, double the cation exchange capacity, and seventy times the denitrification potential compared to farms. However, given that flooding does not promote any of the watershed or habitat benefits as ecological restoration, we suggest that flooding can be used to stimulate beneficial microbial communities and soil functions during the restoration waiting period, or when restoration is not an option.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34919560</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0260933</doi><tpages>e0260933</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8432-6811</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8015-4397</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000284326811</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000000280154397</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2611125565 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Agricultural land Agriculture Biogeochemistry Biology and Life Sciences Cation exchange Cation exchanging Community structure Cranberries Dams Denitrification DNA, Environmental - analysis Earth Sciences Ecological restoration Ecology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Ecosystem biology Ecosystems Environmental degradation Environmental restoration Environmental Restoration and Remediation Environmental studies Evaluation Farms Flooding Floods Massachusetts Mathematical analysis Methods Microbial activity Microbiomes Microbiota Microorganisms Nitrogen Ordination Organic matter Organic soils Physical Sciences Potassium Prokaryotes Protection and preservation Restoration River ecology Sequence Analysis, DNA Sodium Soil Soil characteristics Soil investigations Soil Microbiology Soil microorganisms Soil organic matter Soil structure Soils Structure-function relationships Symbionts Vaccinium macrocarpon - growth & development Wetlands |
| title | Flooding and ecological restoration promote wetland microbial communities and soil functions on former cranberry farmland |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-05T09%3A13%3A07IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flooding%20and%20ecological%20restoration%20promote%20wetland%20microbial%20communities%20and%20soil%20functions%20on%20former%20cranberry%20farmland&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Rubin,%20Rachel%20L&rft.date=2021-12-17&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=12&rft.spage=e0260933&rft.epage=e0260933&rft.pages=e0260933-e0260933&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0260933&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA687220121%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2611125565&rft_id=info:pmid/34919560&rft_galeid=A687220121&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_903fc488429143eab6f8933eea59f473&rfr_iscdi=true |