Tackling protozoan parasites of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa
More distantly related human-infective kinetoplastids include Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in South America and over 20 Leishmania species that cause leishmaniasis. Following tick bite, the parasites invade host red blood cells, causing anaemia and fever, and infection can also lea...
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| description | More distantly related human-infective kinetoplastids include Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in South America and over 20 Leishmania species that cause leishmaniasis. Following tick bite, the parasites invade host red blood cells, causing anaemia and fever, and infection can also lead to cerebral babesiosis (B. bovis only) and death of cattle. Efforts to control parasitic disease are hindered by the challenge of implementing vector control strategies across the vast expanses of tsetse and tick-populated land; emerging drug resistance and the prevalence of counterfeit drugs; and a lack of suitable vaccination programmes. Vector control is complex and comes with many limitations, including the following: (i) Tsetse- and tick-infected regions are vast; therefore, traps can only provide a local level of protection, which needs to be ongoing; (ii) ticks and related insects are a valuable source of nutrition to reptiles and birds and so large-scale insecticide use is not feasible; (iii) cattle plunge-dipping into toxic organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids can cause significant illness to the farmer and the environment and is not a widely available control option; and (iv) the choice of insecticides used are key, due to selective toxicity and resistance [13]. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009955 |
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Vector control is complex and comes with many limitations, including the following: (i) Tsetse- and tick-infected regions are vast; therefore, traps can only provide a local level of protection, which needs to be ongoing; (ii) ticks and related insects are a valuable source of nutrition to reptiles and birds and so large-scale insecticide use is not feasible; (iii) cattle plunge-dipping into toxic organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids can cause significant illness to the farmer and the environment and is not a widely available control option; and (iv) the choice of insecticides used are key, due to selective toxicity and resistance [13].</description><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7366</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009955</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34648585</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Anemia ; Babesiosis ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blood cells ; Cattle ; Causes of ; Chagas disease ; Control ; Counterfeit ; Disease control ; Diseases ; Drug resistance ; Ectoparasites ; Erythrocytes ; Farmers ; Fertility ; Fever ; Food ; Infections ; Insect bites ; Insecticide resistance ; Insecticides ; Insects ; Leishmaniasis ; Livestock ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Nutrition ; Organophosphates ; Parasites ; Parasitic diseases ; Pathogens ; Pearls ; Protozoa ; Protozoan diseases ; Pyrethroids ; R&D ; Red blood cells ; Reptiles ; Research & development ; Risk factors ; Ticks ; Toxicity ; Tropical diseases ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Vector-borne diseases ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>PLoS pathogens, 2021-10, Vol.17 (10), p.e1009955-e1009955</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 MacGregor et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Ellen R</creatorcontrib><title>Tackling protozoan parasites of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa</title><title>PLoS pathogens</title><description>More distantly related human-infective kinetoplastids include Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in South America and over 20 Leishmania species that cause leishmaniasis. Following tick bite, the parasites invade host red blood cells, causing anaemia and fever, and infection can also lead to cerebral babesiosis (B. bovis only) and death of cattle. Efforts to control parasitic disease are hindered by the challenge of implementing vector control strategies across the vast expanses of tsetse and tick-populated land; emerging drug resistance and the prevalence of counterfeit drugs; and a lack of suitable vaccination programmes. Vector control is complex and comes with many limitations, including the following: (i) Tsetse- and tick-infected regions are vast; therefore, traps can only provide a local level of protection, which needs to be ongoing; (ii) ticks and related insects are a valuable source of nutrition to reptiles and birds and so large-scale insecticide use is not feasible; (iii) cattle plunge-dipping into toxic organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids can cause significant illness to the farmer and the environment and is not a widely available control option; and (iv) the choice of insecticides used are key, due to selective toxicity and resistance [13].</description><subject>Anemia</subject><subject>Babesiosis</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood cells</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>Causes of</subject><subject>Chagas disease</subject><subject>Control</subject><subject>Counterfeit</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Diseases</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Ectoparasites</subject><subject>Erythrocytes</subject><subject>Farmers</subject><subject>Fertility</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Insect bites</subject><subject>Insecticide resistance</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Livestock</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Organophosphates</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>Parasitic diseases</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Pearls</subject><subject>Protozoa</subject><subject>Protozoan diseases</subject><subject>Pyrethroids</subject><subject>R&D</subject><subject>Red blood cells</subject><subject>Reptiles</subject><subject>Research & development</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Ticks</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Tropical diseases</subject><subject>Vaccination</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Vector-borne diseases</subject><subject>Zoonoses</subject><issn>1553-7374</issn><issn>1553-7366</issn><issn>1553-7374</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqVkl2L1DAUhoso7rr6DwQL3uhFx-Y7BVkYFj8GFgV37sNpmsxm7DQ1SUX99aZOFUf2RnKRcM6T980bTlE8RfUKEYFe7f0UBuhX4whpheq6aRi7V5wjxkgliKD3_zqfFY9i3Nc1RQTxh8UZoZxKJtl58XoL-nPvhl05Bp_8Dw9DOUKA6JKJpbelhpR6U7qhjFNb3cBtbg7l2gan4XHxwEIfzZNlvyi2b99sr95X1x_fba7W15XmRKaKY9OyrmktwpxwQbnQjSHC1i2VgI3BHSUEgcamJsaCEVigTpMOKIKOYHJRPDvKjr2PaskdFWaNzLklJ5nYHInOw16NwR0gfFcenPpV8GGnICSne6MEb4Ul0jKOOlpjCx2IhhCehdqmbma3y8Vtag-m02ZIAfoT0dPO4G7Vzn9VkiGOG5YFXiwCwX-ZTEzq4KI2fQ-D8dP8boklwpKgjD7_B7073ULtIAdwg_XZV8-ias0zhCShs-3qDiqvzhyc9oOxLtdPLrw8uZCZZL6lHUwxqs3Np_9gP5yy9Mjq4GMMxv75O1SreXR_h1Tz6KpldMlP8QLeQA</recordid><startdate>20211014</startdate><enddate>20211014</enddate><creator>MacGregor, Paula</creator><creator>Nene, Vishvanath</creator><creator>Nisbet, R. 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Ellen R</au><au>Knoll, Laura J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Tackling protozoan parasites of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa</atitle><jtitle>PLoS pathogens</jtitle><date>2021-10-14</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e1009955</spage><epage>e1009955</epage><pages>e1009955-e1009955</pages><issn>1553-7374</issn><issn>1553-7366</issn><eissn>1553-7374</eissn><abstract>More distantly related human-infective kinetoplastids include Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in South America and over 20 Leishmania species that cause leishmaniasis. Following tick bite, the parasites invade host red blood cells, causing anaemia and fever, and infection can also lead to cerebral babesiosis (B. bovis only) and death of cattle. Efforts to control parasitic disease are hindered by the challenge of implementing vector control strategies across the vast expanses of tsetse and tick-populated land; emerging drug resistance and the prevalence of counterfeit drugs; and a lack of suitable vaccination programmes. Vector control is complex and comes with many limitations, including the following: (i) Tsetse- and tick-infected regions are vast; therefore, traps can only provide a local level of protection, which needs to be ongoing; (ii) ticks and related insects are a valuable source of nutrition to reptiles and birds and so large-scale insecticide use is not feasible; (iii) cattle plunge-dipping into toxic organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids can cause significant illness to the farmer and the environment and is not a widely available control option; and (iv) the choice of insecticides used are key, due to selective toxicity and resistance [13].</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34648585</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.ppat.1009955</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0919-3745</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-196X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-4169</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Anemia Babesiosis Biology and Life Sciences Blood cells Cattle Causes of Chagas disease Control Counterfeit Disease control Diseases Drug resistance Ectoparasites Erythrocytes Farmers Fertility Fever Food Infections Insect bites Insecticide resistance Insecticides Insects Leishmaniasis Livestock Medicine and Health Sciences Nutrition Organophosphates Parasites Parasitic diseases Pathogens Pearls Protozoa Protozoan diseases Pyrethroids R&D Red blood cells Reptiles Research & development Risk factors Ticks Toxicity Tropical diseases Vaccination Vaccines Vector-borne diseases Zoonoses |
| title | Tackling protozoan parasites of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa |
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