Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prev...
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| description | Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1-60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11-20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1-35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21-30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0-16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0259824 |
| format | Article |
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Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1-60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11-20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1-35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21-30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0-16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259824</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34780521</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Age ; Age Factors ; Animal sciences ; Animals ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biotechnology ; Calves ; Cattle ; Chi square analysis ; Chi-square test ; Cryptosporidiosis - epidemiology ; Cryptosporidium ; Cryptosporidium - classification ; Cryptosporidium - genetics ; Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Diarrhea - parasitology ; Diarrhea - veterinary ; Distribution ; Distribution patterns ; DNA, Protozoan - genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal - genetics ; Ecology ; Environmental science ; Feces ; Feces - parasitology ; Genetic diversity ; Genotypes ; Glycoproteins ; Health aspects ; Infections ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Parasites ; People and Places ; Phylogeny ; Prevalence ; Protozoa ; Public health ; Republic of Korea - epidemiology ; Research and Analysis Methods ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics ; rRNA 18S ; Sequence analysis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA - methods ; Statistical analysis ; Weaning ; Zoology ; Zoonoses</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-11, Vol.16 (11), p.e0259824</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Jang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Jang et al 2021 Jang et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-14796742ecb62b078f75956bad20731f320f4aa4c8b1898459599ae5b76fbb783</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-14796742ecb62b078f75956bad20731f320f4aa4c8b1898459599ae5b76fbb783</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-2271-5360 ; 0000-0001-5235-5717</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8592421/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8592421/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34780521$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>El-Ashram, Saeed</contributor><creatorcontrib>Jang, Dong-Hun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cho, Hyung-Chul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shin, Seung-Uk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Eun-Mi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Yu-Jin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hwang, Sunwoo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Jinho</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Kyoung-Seong</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1-60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11-20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1-35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21-30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0-16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Animal sciences</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biotechnology</subject><subject>Calves</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>Chi square analysis</subject><subject>Chi-square test</subject><subject>Cryptosporidiosis - epidemiology</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium - classification</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium - genetics</subject><subject>Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Diarrhea</subject><subject>Diarrhea - parasitology</subject><subject>Diarrhea - veterinary</subject><subject>Distribution</subject><subject>Distribution patterns</subject><subject>DNA, Protozoan - genetics</subject><subject>DNA, Ribosomal - genetics</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Feces</subject><subject>Feces - 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epidemiology</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium - classification</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium - genetics</topic><topic>Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Diarrhea</topic><topic>Diarrhea - parasitology</topic><topic>Diarrhea - veterinary</topic><topic>Distribution</topic><topic>Distribution patterns</topic><topic>DNA, Protozoan - genetics</topic><topic>DNA, Ribosomal - genetics</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Environmental science</topic><topic>Feces</topic><topic>Feces - parasitology</topic><topic>Genetic diversity</topic><topic>Genotypes</topic><topic>Glycoproteins</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Parasites</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Protozoa</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Republic of Korea - epidemiology</topic><topic>Research and Analysis Methods</topic><topic>RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics</topic><topic>rRNA 18S</topic><topic>Sequence analysis</topic><topic>Sequence Analysis, DNA - methods</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Weaning</topic><topic>Zoology</topic><topic>Zoonoses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Jang, Dong-Hun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cho, Hyung-Chul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shin, Seung-Uk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Eun-Mi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Yu-Jin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hwang, Sunwoo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Jinho</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Choi, Kyoung-Seong</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Jang, Dong-Hun</au><au>Cho, Hyung-Chul</au><au>Shin, Seung-Uk</au><au>Kim, Eun-Mi</au><au>Park, Yu-Jin</au><au>Hwang, Sunwoo</au><au>Park, Jinho</au><au>Choi, Kyoung-Seong</au><au>El-Ashram, Saeed</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2021-11-15</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e0259824</spage><pages>e0259824-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1-60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11-20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1-35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21-30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0-16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34780521</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0259824</doi><tpages>e0259824</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2271-5360</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5235-5717</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2021-11, Vol.16 (11), p.e0259824 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2598034981 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Age Age Factors Animal sciences Animals Biology and Life Sciences Biotechnology Calves Cattle Chi square analysis Chi-square test Cryptosporidiosis - epidemiology Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium - classification Cryptosporidium - genetics Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification Diagnosis Diarrhea Diarrhea - parasitology Diarrhea - veterinary Distribution Distribution patterns DNA, Protozoan - genetics DNA, Ribosomal - genetics Ecology Environmental science Feces Feces - parasitology Genetic diversity Genotypes Glycoproteins Health aspects Infections Medicine and Health Sciences Parasites People and Places Phylogeny Prevalence Protozoa Public health Republic of Korea - epidemiology Research and Analysis Methods RNA, Ribosomal, 18S - genetics rRNA 18S Sequence analysis Sequence Analysis, DNA - methods Statistical analysis Weaning Zoology Zoonoses |
| title | Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea |
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