Land reclamation pattern and environmental regulation guidelines for port clusters in the Bohai Sea, China
Coastal land reclamation (CLR), particularly port reclamation, is a common approach to alleviating land shortages. However, the spatial extent, percentages, and processes of these newly reclaimed ports are largely unknown. The Bohai Sea is the most concentrated area of port reclamation worldwide. Th...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2021-11, Vol.16 (11), p.e0259516 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 11 |
| container_start_page | e0259516 |
| container_title | PloS one |
| container_volume | 16 |
| creator | Zhu, Gaoru Xie, Zhenglei Xu, Honglei Liang, Minxuan Cheng, Jinxiang Gao, Yujian Zhang, Liguo |
| description | Coastal land reclamation (CLR), particularly port reclamation, is a common approach to alleviating land shortages. However, the spatial extent, percentages, and processes of these newly reclaimed ports are largely unknown. The Bohai Sea is the most concentrated area of port reclamation worldwide. Thus, this study addresses the changes in the different coastline types and port reclamation process in the area. The reclamation area of the 13 ports in the Bohai Sea in 2002-2018 was 2,300 km2, which decreased the area of the sea by 3%. The natural coastline length in Tianjin decreased by 47.5 km, whereas the artificial coastline length increased by 46.6 km. Based on the port boundary, however, only 26.3% of the reclaimed areas have been used for port construction, which concentrates in the Tianjin and Tangshan ports. The ratio of built-up area within the ports is only 32.5%, and approximately 48.3% of the reclaimed areas have no construction projects. The port land reclamation in the Bohai Sea has been undergoing periods of acceleration, peak, deceleration, and stagnation since 2002. Hence, future port reclamation should not be totally prohibited, and fine management should be conducted based on the optimization of the reclaimed port area. The innovation of this research is its analysis of the port internal land use pattern, the percentage of built-up area in the ports, and the sustainability of port reclamation policies. The findings have vital implications for scientifically regulating the spatial pattern and exploring the utility of port reclamation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0259516 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_plos_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_plos_journals_2593007037</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A681151517</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_09c5ee63c2eb43edbc123400984734e4</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A681151517</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-a715t-d5b3c81d6df2f72fd782ac384d7be08db883d76284131335cda2d5a1ecd25b6c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkl2L1DAYhYso7rr6D0QLgiA4Yz6atnMjrIMfAwMLrnob0uRtmyFNZpN00X9vxukuU1CQXCS8ec5JOJwse47REtMKv9u50VthlntnYYkIWzFcPsjO8YqSRUkQfXhyPsuehLBDiNG6LB9nZ7SoKCakPM92W2FV7kEaMYionc33IkbwNj_Mwd5q7-wANgqTqG40R6gbtQKjLYS8dT7fOx9zacaQlCHXNo895B9cL3R-DeJtvu61FU-zR60wAZ5N-0X2_dPHb-svi-3V5836crsQFWZxoVhDZY1VqVrSVqRVVU2EpHWhqgZQrZq6pqoqSV1giillUgmimMAgFWFNKelF9vLouzcu8CmmwFNCFKEK0SoRmyOhnNjxvdeD8L-4E5r_GTjfceGjlgY4WkkGUFJJoCkoqEZiQguEVnWKsIAieb2fXhubAZRMUXlhZqbzG6t73rlbXrOSVRVOBq8mA-9uRgjxH1-eqE6kX2nbumQmBx0kvyxrjFlaB2r5FyotBYOWqSitTvOZ4M1MkJgIP2MnxhD45vrr_7NXP-bs6xO2B2FiH5wZD-UJc7A4gtK7EDy098lhxA89v0uDH3rOp54n2YvT1O9Fd8WmvwEqnvkJ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2593007037</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Land reclamation pattern and environmental regulation guidelines for port clusters in the Bohai Sea, China</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>PAIS Index</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Zhu, Gaoru ; Xie, Zhenglei ; Xu, Honglei ; Liang, Minxuan ; Cheng, Jinxiang ; Gao, Yujian ; Zhang, Liguo</creator><contributor>Yang, Jun</contributor><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Gaoru ; Xie, Zhenglei ; Xu, Honglei ; Liang, Minxuan ; Cheng, Jinxiang ; Gao, Yujian ; Zhang, Liguo ; Yang, Jun</creatorcontrib><description>Coastal land reclamation (CLR), particularly port reclamation, is a common approach to alleviating land shortages. However, the spatial extent, percentages, and processes of these newly reclaimed ports are largely unknown. The Bohai Sea is the most concentrated area of port reclamation worldwide. Thus, this study addresses the changes in the different coastline types and port reclamation process in the area. The reclamation area of the 13 ports in the Bohai Sea in 2002-2018 was 2,300 km2, which decreased the area of the sea by 3%. The natural coastline length in Tianjin decreased by 47.5 km, whereas the artificial coastline length increased by 46.6 km. Based on the port boundary, however, only 26.3% of the reclaimed areas have been used for port construction, which concentrates in the Tianjin and Tangshan ports. The ratio of built-up area within the ports is only 32.5%, and approximately 48.3% of the reclaimed areas have no construction projects. The port land reclamation in the Bohai Sea has been undergoing periods of acceleration, peak, deceleration, and stagnation since 2002. Hence, future port reclamation should not be totally prohibited, and fine management should be conducted based on the optimization of the reclaimed port area. The innovation of this research is its analysis of the port internal land use pattern, the percentage of built-up area in the ports, and the sustainability of port reclamation policies. The findings have vital implications for scientifically regulating the spatial pattern and exploring the utility of port reclamation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259516</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34731226</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acceleration ; Area ; Biology and Life Sciences ; China ; Coasts ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Construction ; Construction industry ; Deceleration ; Earth Sciences ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Economic development ; Engineering and Technology ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental law ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Environmental protection ; Environmental regulations ; Evaluation ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Industrial development ; Laboratories ; Land reclamation ; Land use ; Management ; Models, Theoretical ; Optimization ; People and Places ; Planning ; Ports ; Project engineering ; Reclamation of land ; Remote sensing ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Social Sciences ; Sustainability ; Sustainable development ; Transportation - statistics & numerical data ; Urbanization</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-11, Vol.16 (11), p.e0259516</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Zhu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Zhu et al 2021 Zhu et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a715t-d5b3c81d6df2f72fd782ac384d7be08db883d76284131335cda2d5a1ecd25b6c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a715t-d5b3c81d6df2f72fd782ac384d7be08db883d76284131335cda2d5a1ecd25b6c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3342-2333</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8565771/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8565771/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34731226$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Yang, Jun</contributor><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Gaoru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xie, Zhenglei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Honglei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Minxuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Jinxiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Yujian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Liguo</creatorcontrib><title>Land reclamation pattern and environmental regulation guidelines for port clusters in the Bohai Sea, China</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Coastal land reclamation (CLR), particularly port reclamation, is a common approach to alleviating land shortages. However, the spatial extent, percentages, and processes of these newly reclaimed ports are largely unknown. The Bohai Sea is the most concentrated area of port reclamation worldwide. Thus, this study addresses the changes in the different coastline types and port reclamation process in the area. The reclamation area of the 13 ports in the Bohai Sea in 2002-2018 was 2,300 km2, which decreased the area of the sea by 3%. The natural coastline length in Tianjin decreased by 47.5 km, whereas the artificial coastline length increased by 46.6 km. Based on the port boundary, however, only 26.3% of the reclaimed areas have been used for port construction, which concentrates in the Tianjin and Tangshan ports. The ratio of built-up area within the ports is only 32.5%, and approximately 48.3% of the reclaimed areas have no construction projects. The port land reclamation in the Bohai Sea has been undergoing periods of acceleration, peak, deceleration, and stagnation since 2002. Hence, future port reclamation should not be totally prohibited, and fine management should be conducted based on the optimization of the reclaimed port area. The innovation of this research is its analysis of the port internal land use pattern, the percentage of built-up area in the ports, and the sustainability of port reclamation policies. The findings have vital implications for scientifically regulating the spatial pattern and exploring the utility of port reclamation.</description><subject>Acceleration</subject><subject>Area</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Coasts</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources</subject><subject>Construction</subject><subject>Construction industry</subject><subject>Deceleration</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Economic development</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Environmental law</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Environmental regulations</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>GDP</subject><subject>Gross Domestic Product</subject><subject>Industrial development</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Land reclamation</subject><subject>Land use</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Models, Theoretical</subject><subject>Optimization</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Planning</subject><subject>Ports</subject><subject>Project engineering</subject><subject>Reclamation of land</subject><subject>Remote sensing</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Transportation - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Urbanization</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl2L1DAYhYso7rr6D0QLgiA4Yz6atnMjrIMfAwMLrnob0uRtmyFNZpN00X9vxukuU1CQXCS8ec5JOJwse47REtMKv9u50VthlntnYYkIWzFcPsjO8YqSRUkQfXhyPsuehLBDiNG6LB9nZ7SoKCakPM92W2FV7kEaMYionc33IkbwNj_Mwd5q7-wANgqTqG40R6gbtQKjLYS8dT7fOx9zacaQlCHXNo895B9cL3R-DeJtvu61FU-zR60wAZ5N-0X2_dPHb-svi-3V5836crsQFWZxoVhDZY1VqVrSVqRVVU2EpHWhqgZQrZq6pqoqSV1giillUgmimMAgFWFNKelF9vLouzcu8CmmwFNCFKEK0SoRmyOhnNjxvdeD8L-4E5r_GTjfceGjlgY4WkkGUFJJoCkoqEZiQguEVnWKsIAieb2fXhubAZRMUXlhZqbzG6t73rlbXrOSVRVOBq8mA-9uRgjxH1-eqE6kX2nbumQmBx0kvyxrjFlaB2r5FyotBYOWqSitTvOZ4M1MkJgIP2MnxhD45vrr_7NXP-bs6xO2B2FiH5wZD-UJc7A4gtK7EDy098lhxA89v0uDH3rOp54n2YvT1O9Fd8WmvwEqnvkJ</recordid><startdate>20211103</startdate><enddate>20211103</enddate><creator>Zhu, Gaoru</creator><creator>Xie, Zhenglei</creator><creator>Xu, Honglei</creator><creator>Liang, Minxuan</creator><creator>Cheng, Jinxiang</creator><creator>Gao, Yujian</creator><creator>Zhang, Liguo</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-2333</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211103</creationdate><title>Land reclamation pattern and environmental regulation guidelines for port clusters in the Bohai Sea, China</title><author>Zhu, Gaoru ; Xie, Zhenglei ; Xu, Honglei ; Liang, Minxuan ; Cheng, Jinxiang ; Gao, Yujian ; Zhang, Liguo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a715t-d5b3c81d6df2f72fd782ac384d7be08db883d76284131335cda2d5a1ecd25b6c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Acceleration</topic><topic>Area</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>China</topic><topic>Coasts</topic><topic>Computer and Information Sciences</topic><topic>Conservation of Natural Resources</topic><topic>Construction</topic><topic>Construction industry</topic><topic>Deceleration</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Economic development</topic><topic>Engineering and Technology</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Environmental law</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Environmental protection</topic><topic>Environmental regulations</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>GDP</topic><topic>Gross Domestic Product</topic><topic>Industrial development</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Land reclamation</topic><topic>Land use</topic><topic>Management</topic><topic>Models, Theoretical</topic><topic>Optimization</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Planning</topic><topic>Ports</topic><topic>Project engineering</topic><topic>Reclamation of land</topic><topic>Remote sensing</topic><topic>Research and Analysis Methods</topic><topic>Social Sciences</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><topic>Transportation - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Urbanization</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Gaoru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xie, Zhenglei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xu, Honglei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Minxuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Jinxiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Yujian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Liguo</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>PAIS Index</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>PAIS International</collection><collection>PAIS International (Ovid)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhu, Gaoru</au><au>Xie, Zhenglei</au><au>Xu, Honglei</au><au>Liang, Minxuan</au><au>Cheng, Jinxiang</au><au>Gao, Yujian</au><au>Zhang, Liguo</au><au>Yang, Jun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Land reclamation pattern and environmental regulation guidelines for port clusters in the Bohai Sea, China</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2021-11-03</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e0259516</spage><pages>e0259516-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Coastal land reclamation (CLR), particularly port reclamation, is a common approach to alleviating land shortages. However, the spatial extent, percentages, and processes of these newly reclaimed ports are largely unknown. The Bohai Sea is the most concentrated area of port reclamation worldwide. Thus, this study addresses the changes in the different coastline types and port reclamation process in the area. The reclamation area of the 13 ports in the Bohai Sea in 2002-2018 was 2,300 km2, which decreased the area of the sea by 3%. The natural coastline length in Tianjin decreased by 47.5 km, whereas the artificial coastline length increased by 46.6 km. Based on the port boundary, however, only 26.3% of the reclaimed areas have been used for port construction, which concentrates in the Tianjin and Tangshan ports. The ratio of built-up area within the ports is only 32.5%, and approximately 48.3% of the reclaimed areas have no construction projects. The port land reclamation in the Bohai Sea has been undergoing periods of acceleration, peak, deceleration, and stagnation since 2002. Hence, future port reclamation should not be totally prohibited, and fine management should be conducted based on the optimization of the reclaimed port area. The innovation of this research is its analysis of the port internal land use pattern, the percentage of built-up area in the ports, and the sustainability of port reclamation policies. The findings have vital implications for scientifically regulating the spatial pattern and exploring the utility of port reclamation.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34731226</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0259516</doi><tpages>e0259516</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3342-2333</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2021-11, Vol.16 (11), p.e0259516 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2593007037 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PAIS Index; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acceleration Area Biology and Life Sciences China Coasts Computer and Information Sciences Conservation of Natural Resources Construction Construction industry Deceleration Earth Sciences Ecology and Environmental Sciences Economic development Engineering and Technology Environmental aspects Environmental law Environmental Monitoring - methods Environmental protection Environmental regulations Evaluation GDP Gross Domestic Product Industrial development Laboratories Land reclamation Land use Management Models, Theoretical Optimization People and Places Planning Ports Project engineering Reclamation of land Remote sensing Research and Analysis Methods Social Sciences Sustainability Sustainable development Transportation - statistics & numerical data Urbanization |
| title | Land reclamation pattern and environmental regulation guidelines for port clusters in the Bohai Sea, China |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-05T11%3A46%3A19IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Land%20reclamation%20pattern%20and%20environmental%20regulation%20guidelines%20for%20port%20clusters%20in%20the%20Bohai%20Sea,%20China&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Zhu,%20Gaoru&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=e0259516&rft.pages=e0259516-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0259516&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA681151517%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2593007037&rft_id=info:pmid/34731226&rft_galeid=A681151517&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_09c5ee63c2eb43edbc123400984734e4&rfr_iscdi=true |