Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Chenopodium glaucum L
We evaluated phytochemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic properties of aqueous (water) and organic extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) of Chenopodium glaucum. Highest phenolic content 45 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g d.w was found in aqueous extr...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0255502 |
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| creator | Khan, Safi Ullah Ullah, Faizan Mehmood, Sultan Fahad, Shah Ahmad Rahi, Arsalan Althobaiti, Fayez Dessoky, Eldessoky S Saud, Shah Danish, Subhan Datta, Rahul |
| description | We evaluated phytochemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic properties of aqueous (water) and organic extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) of Chenopodium glaucum. Highest phenolic content 45 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g d.w was found in aqueous extract followed by ethyl acetate (41mg GAE/g d.w) and methanol extract (34.46 mg GAE/g d.w). Antibacterial potential of aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum was examined against Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. epidermidis. However, against A. baumannii significantly higher inhibition zone (19 mm and 18.96 mm respectively) was shown by ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Aqueous extract possessed highest growth inhibition (11 mm) against E. coli. Aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed 9 mm, 10 mm, and 10.33 mm zone of inhibition against the K. pneumoniae. For antifungal activity, the extracts were less effective against Aspergillus niger but showed strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). The antioxidant activity was measured as DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity of free radicals. All the organic extracts of C. glaucum possessed ABTS, DPPH and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 scavenging properties. The highest cytotoxic activity measured as half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against human lungs carcinoma cells was recorded for methanolic (IC50 = 16 [mu]g/mL) and n-hexane (IC50 = 25 [mu]g/mL) extracts, respectively. The Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed 4 major and 26 minor compounds in n-hexane extract and 4 major and 7 minor compounds in methanol extract of the C. glaucum. It is concluded that aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum would be potential therapeutic agents and could be exploited on a pilot scale to treat human pathogenic diseases. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0255502 |
| format | Article |
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Highest phenolic content 45 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g d.w was found in aqueous extract followed by ethyl acetate (41mg GAE/g d.w) and methanol extract (34.46 mg GAE/g d.w). Antibacterial potential of aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum was examined against Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. epidermidis. However, against A. baumannii significantly higher inhibition zone (19 mm and 18.96 mm respectively) was shown by ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Aqueous extract possessed highest growth inhibition (11 mm) against E. coli. Aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed 9 mm, 10 mm, and 10.33 mm zone of inhibition against the K. pneumoniae. For antifungal activity, the extracts were less effective against Aspergillus niger but showed strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). The antioxidant activity was measured as DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity of free radicals. All the organic extracts of C. glaucum possessed ABTS, DPPH and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 scavenging properties. The highest cytotoxic activity measured as half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against human lungs carcinoma cells was recorded for methanolic (IC50 = 16 [mu]g/mL) and n-hexane (IC50 = 25 [mu]g/mL) extracts, respectively. The Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed 4 major and 26 minor compounds in n-hexane extract and 4 major and 7 minor compounds in methanol extract of the C. glaucum. It is concluded that aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum would be potential therapeutic agents and could be exploited on a pilot scale to treat human pathogenic diseases.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255502</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34714855</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acetic acid ; Analysis ; Antibacterial activity ; Antibiotics ; Antifungal activity ; Antifungal agents ; Antimicrobial agents ; Antioxidants ; Artificial intelligence ; Bacteria ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cancer therapies ; Cell cycle ; Chemical compounds ; Chenopodium glaucum ; Cytotoxicity ; Developing countries ; E coli ; Escherichia coli ; Ethyl acetate ; Flowers & plants ; Free radicals ; Fungicides ; Gallic acid ; Gas chromatography ; Herbal medicine ; Hexanes ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Infections ; Klebsiella ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; LDCs ; Lung carcinoma ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Medicinal plants ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Methanol ; n-Hexane ; Oxidants ; Oxidizing agents ; Pathogens ; Pharmacology ; Phenolic compounds ; Phenols ; Physical Sciences ; Phytochemicals ; Plant sciences ; Pneumonia ; Properties ; Prostate cancer ; Scavenging ; Soil sciences ; Staphylococcus epidermidis ; Sulfonic acid ; Urogenital system</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0255502</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Khan et al 2021 Khan et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-4d9c916dc897c42989b7e2e01a249a737d7f3ce6f3fc543259e94b04ee3450b83</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-4d9c916dc897c42989b7e2e01a249a737d7f3ce6f3fc543259e94b04ee3450b83</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3961-7935 ; 0000-0002-1674-179X ; 0000-0001-9001-2555 ; 0000-0003-1612-107X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8555819/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8555819/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793,79600,79601</link.rule.ids></links><search><contributor>Farooq, Shahid</contributor><creatorcontrib>Khan, Safi Ullah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ullah, Faizan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mehmood, Sultan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fahad, Shah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad Rahi, Arsalan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Althobaiti, Fayez</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dessoky, Eldessoky S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saud, Shah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Danish, Subhan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Datta, Rahul</creatorcontrib><title>Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Chenopodium glaucum L</title><title>PloS one</title><description>We evaluated phytochemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic properties of aqueous (water) and organic extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) of Chenopodium glaucum. Highest phenolic content 45 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g d.w was found in aqueous extract followed by ethyl acetate (41mg GAE/g d.w) and methanol extract (34.46 mg GAE/g d.w). Antibacterial potential of aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum was examined against Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. epidermidis. However, against A. baumannii significantly higher inhibition zone (19 mm and 18.96 mm respectively) was shown by ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Aqueous extract possessed highest growth inhibition (11 mm) against E. coli. Aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed 9 mm, 10 mm, and 10.33 mm zone of inhibition against the K. pneumoniae. For antifungal activity, the extracts were less effective against Aspergillus niger but showed strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). The antioxidant activity was measured as DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity of free radicals. All the organic extracts of C. glaucum possessed ABTS, DPPH and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 scavenging properties. The highest cytotoxic activity measured as half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against human lungs carcinoma cells was recorded for methanolic (IC50 = 16 [mu]g/mL) and n-hexane (IC50 = 25 [mu]g/mL) extracts, respectively. The Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed 4 major and 26 minor compounds in n-hexane extract and 4 major and 7 minor compounds in methanol extract of the C. glaucum. It is concluded that aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum would be potential therapeutic agents and could be exploited on a pilot scale to treat human pathogenic diseases.</description><subject>Acetic acid</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Antibacterial activity</subject><subject>Antibiotics</subject><subject>Antifungal activity</subject><subject>Antifungal agents</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Artificial intelligence</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cancer therapies</subject><subject>Cell cycle</subject><subject>Chemical compounds</subject><subject>Chenopodium glaucum</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>E coli</subject><subject>Escherichia coli</subject><subject>Ethyl acetate</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>Free radicals</subject><subject>Fungicides</subject><subject>Gallic acid</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Herbal medicine</subject><subject>Hexanes</subject><subject>Hydrogen peroxide</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Klebsiella</subject><subject>Klebsiella pneumoniae</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Lung carcinoma</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Medicinal plants</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Methanol</subject><subject>n-Hexane</subject><subject>Oxidants</subject><subject>Oxidizing agents</subject><subject>Pathogens</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Phenolic compounds</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Phytochemicals</subject><subject>Plant sciences</subject><subject>Pneumonia</subject><subject>Properties</subject><subject>Prostate cancer</subject><subject>Scavenging</subject><subject>Soil sciences</subject><subject>Staphylococcus epidermidis</subject><subject>Sulfonic acid</subject><subject>Urogenital 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antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Chenopodium glaucum L</title><author>Khan, Safi Ullah ; Ullah, Faizan ; Mehmood, Sultan ; Fahad, Shah ; Ahmad Rahi, Arsalan ; Althobaiti, Fayez ; Dessoky, Eldessoky S ; Saud, Shah ; Danish, Subhan ; Datta, Rahul</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-4d9c916dc897c42989b7e2e01a249a737d7f3ce6f3fc543259e94b04ee3450b83</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Acetic acid</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Antibacterial activity</topic><topic>Antibiotics</topic><topic>Antifungal activity</topic><topic>Antifungal agents</topic><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Artificial intelligence</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Cancer therapies</topic><topic>Cell cycle</topic><topic>Chemical compounds</topic><topic>Chenopodium glaucum</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Developing countries</topic><topic>E coli</topic><topic>Escherichia coli</topic><topic>Ethyl acetate</topic><topic>Flowers & plants</topic><topic>Free radicals</topic><topic>Fungicides</topic><topic>Gallic acid</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>Herbal medicine</topic><topic>Hexanes</topic><topic>Hydrogen peroxide</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Klebsiella</topic><topic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</topic><topic>LDCs</topic><topic>Lung carcinoma</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>Medicinal plants</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Methanol</topic><topic>n-Hexane</topic><topic>Oxidants</topic><topic>Oxidizing agents</topic><topic>Pathogens</topic><topic>Pharmacology</topic><topic>Phenolic compounds</topic><topic>Phenols</topic><topic>Physical Sciences</topic><topic>Phytochemicals</topic><topic>Plant sciences</topic><topic>Pneumonia</topic><topic>Properties</topic><topic>Prostate cancer</topic><topic>Scavenging</topic><topic>Soil sciences</topic><topic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</topic><topic>Sulfonic acid</topic><topic>Urogenital system</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Khan, Safi Ullah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ullah, Faizan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mehmood, Sultan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fahad, Shah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad Rahi, Arsalan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Althobaiti, Fayez</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dessoky, Eldessoky S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saud, Shah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Danish, Subhan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Datta, Rahul</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Opposing Viewpoints in Context (Gale)</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central 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Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Khan, Safi Ullah</au><au>Ullah, Faizan</au><au>Mehmood, Sultan</au><au>Fahad, Shah</au><au>Ahmad Rahi, Arsalan</au><au>Althobaiti, Fayez</au><au>Dessoky, Eldessoky S</au><au>Saud, Shah</au><au>Danish, Subhan</au><au>Datta, Rahul</au><au>Farooq, Shahid</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Chenopodium glaucum L</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><date>2021-10-29</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0255502</spage><pages>e0255502-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>We evaluated phytochemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and cytotoxic properties of aqueous (water) and organic extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane) of Chenopodium glaucum. Highest phenolic content 45 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g d.w was found in aqueous extract followed by ethyl acetate (41mg GAE/g d.w) and methanol extract (34.46 mg GAE/g d.w). Antibacterial potential of aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum was examined against Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. epidermidis. However, against A. baumannii significantly higher inhibition zone (19 mm and 18.96 mm respectively) was shown by ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Aqueous extract possessed highest growth inhibition (11 mm) against E. coli. Aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed 9 mm, 10 mm, and 10.33 mm zone of inhibition against the K. pneumoniae. For antifungal activity, the extracts were less effective against Aspergillus niger but showed strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). The antioxidant activity was measured as DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), H.sub.2 O.sub.2 and ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity of free radicals. All the organic extracts of C. glaucum possessed ABTS, DPPH and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 scavenging properties. The highest cytotoxic activity measured as half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against human lungs carcinoma cells was recorded for methanolic (IC50 = 16 [mu]g/mL) and n-hexane (IC50 = 25 [mu]g/mL) extracts, respectively. The Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed 4 major and 26 minor compounds in n-hexane extract and 4 major and 7 minor compounds in methanol extract of the C. glaucum. It is concluded that aqueous and organic extracts of C. glaucum would be potential therapeutic agents and could be exploited on a pilot scale to treat human pathogenic diseases.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34714855</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0255502</doi><tpages>e0255502</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3961-7935</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-179X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9001-2555</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1612-107X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0255502 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2588314791 |
| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acetic acid Analysis Antibacterial activity Antibiotics Antifungal activity Antifungal agents Antimicrobial agents Antioxidants Artificial intelligence Bacteria Biology and Life Sciences Cancer therapies Cell cycle Chemical compounds Chenopodium glaucum Cytotoxicity Developing countries E coli Escherichia coli Ethyl acetate Flowers & plants Free radicals Fungicides Gallic acid Gas chromatography Herbal medicine Hexanes Hydrogen peroxide Infections Klebsiella Klebsiella pneumoniae LDCs Lung carcinoma Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Medicinal plants Medicine and Health Sciences Methanol n-Hexane Oxidants Oxidizing agents Pathogens Pharmacology Phenolic compounds Phenols Physical Sciences Phytochemicals Plant sciences Pneumonia Properties Prostate cancer Scavenging Soil sciences Staphylococcus epidermidis Sulfonic acid Urogenital system |
| title | Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of Chenopodium glaucum L |
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