Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and 3 (hPIV3) cause seasonal epidemics, but little is known about their interaction with human airway cells. In this study, we determined cytopathology, replication, and progeny virion release from human airway cells during long-term infection in vitro. Both...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS pathogens 2021-09, Vol.17 (9), p.e1009908-e1009908 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | e1009908 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 9 |
| container_start_page | e1009908 |
| container_title | PLoS pathogens |
| container_volume | 17 |
| creator | Kurebayashi, Yuki Bajimaya, Shringkhala Watanabe, Masahiro Lim, Nicholas Lutz, Michael Dunagan, Megan Takimoto, Toru |
| description | Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and 3 (hPIV3) cause seasonal epidemics, but little is known about their interaction with human airway cells. In this study, we determined cytopathology, replication, and progeny virion release from human airway cells during long-term infection in vitro. Both viruses readily established persistent infection without causing significant cytopathic effects. However, assembly and release of hPIV1 rapidly declined in sharp contrast to hPIV3 due to impaired viral ribonucleocapsid (vRNP) trafficking and virus assembly. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both viruses induced similar levels of type I and III IFNs. However, hPIV1 induced specific ISGs stronger than hPIV3, such as MX2, which bound to hPIV1 vRNPs in infected cells. In addition, hPIV1 but not hPIV3 suppressed genes involved in lipid biogenesis and hPIV1 infection resulted in ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Consequently, formation of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts was impaired in hPIV1 infected cells. These results indicate that hPIV1 is capable of regulating cholesterol biogenesis, which likely together with ISGs contributes to establishment of a quiescent infection. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009908 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_plos_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_plos_journals_2582586653</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A677507325</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_281ac0e84f124cd19fb45c37104a36e9</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A677507325</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c704t-c12e28f925b9bcdfe5407ca3d8d25834dcebcbd30f0eefde0bd68fc8dfd593793</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqVkl1rFDEUhgdRbK3-A8GAN_Vi12SSzMeNUIrahaLgx3XIJCe7WbKTaZKpruB_N9MdxZXeSAYSTp7zvnNOTlE8J3hJaE1eb_0YeumWwyDTkmDctrh5UJwSzumipjV7-Nf5pHgS4xZjRiipHhcnlPGyrVl5Wvy8GneyR4MM0vbGjdD_kOjWhjGitB8AERRgPTqZICK18Q5iguAd6qyP-z5tINqIZK9RvpCdszFH0M1oISroE8qaoJL1fT6hzZ2VtOGb3CMFzsWnxSMjXYRn835WfH339svl1eL64_vV5cX1QtWYpYUiJZSNaUvetZ3SBjjDtZJUN7rkDWVaQac6TbHBAEYD7nTVGNVoo3lL65aeFS8OuoPzUcydiyIn56-qOM3E6kBoL7diCHYnw154acVdwIe1kCFZ5UCUDZEKQ8MMKZnSpDUd4yo_CWaSVjC5vZndxm4HempEkO5I9Pimtxux9reiYWyqLAuczwLB34y5s2Jn49Qw2YMfp_-uGcOUtyyjL_9B769uptYyF5AfxWdfNYmKi6quefYseaaW91B5adhZ5XswNsePEl4dJWQmwfe0lmOMYvX503-wH45ZdmBV8DEGMH96R7CYhv93kWIafjEPP_0F2Wr6GA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2582586653</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells</title><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><source>Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Kurebayashi, Yuki ; Bajimaya, Shringkhala ; Watanabe, Masahiro ; Lim, Nicholas ; Lutz, Michael ; Dunagan, Megan ; Takimoto, Toru</creator><contributor>Kawaoka, Yoshihiro</contributor><creatorcontrib>Kurebayashi, Yuki ; Bajimaya, Shringkhala ; Watanabe, Masahiro ; Lim, Nicholas ; Lutz, Michael ; Dunagan, Megan ; Takimoto, Toru ; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro</creatorcontrib><description>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and 3 (hPIV3) cause seasonal epidemics, but little is known about their interaction with human airway cells. In this study, we determined cytopathology, replication, and progeny virion release from human airway cells during long-term infection in vitro. Both viruses readily established persistent infection without causing significant cytopathic effects. However, assembly and release of hPIV1 rapidly declined in sharp contrast to hPIV3 due to impaired viral ribonucleocapsid (vRNP) trafficking and virus assembly. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both viruses induced similar levels of type I and III IFNs. However, hPIV1 induced specific ISGs stronger than hPIV3, such as MX2, which bound to hPIV1 vRNPs in infected cells. In addition, hPIV1 but not hPIV3 suppressed genes involved in lipid biogenesis and hPIV1 infection resulted in ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Consequently, formation of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts was impaired in hPIV1 infected cells. These results indicate that hPIV1 is capable of regulating cholesterol biogenesis, which likely together with ISGs contributes to establishment of a quiescent infection.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7366</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009908</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34529742</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Airway (Medicine) ; Assembly ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biosynthesis ; Cholesterol ; Coenzyme A ; Cytopathology ; Cytoplasm ; Cytotoxicity ; Development and progression ; Epidemics ; Gene expression ; Health aspects ; Host-virus relationships ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase ; Infections ; Lipid rafts ; Lipids ; Measles ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Parainfluenza ; Parainfluenza viruses ; Physiological aspects ; Progeny ; Protein synthesis ; Proteins ; Reductases ; Respiratory syncytial virus ; Respiratory tract ; RNA virus infections ; Synthesis ; Ubiquitination ; Viral infections ; Virions ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>PLoS pathogens, 2021-09, Vol.17 (9), p.e1009908-e1009908</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Kurebayashi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Kurebayashi et al 2021 Kurebayashi et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c704t-c12e28f925b9bcdfe5407ca3d8d25834dcebcbd30f0eefde0bd68fc8dfd593793</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c704t-c12e28f925b9bcdfe5407ca3d8d25834dcebcbd30f0eefde0bd68fc8dfd593793</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9261-7726 ; 0000-0002-3318-0808 ; 0000-0001-6612-694X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8445407/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8445407/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids></links><search><contributor>Kawaoka, Yoshihiro</contributor><creatorcontrib>Kurebayashi, Yuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bajimaya, Shringkhala</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Masahiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lutz, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunagan, Megan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takimoto, Toru</creatorcontrib><title>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells</title><title>PLoS pathogens</title><description>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and 3 (hPIV3) cause seasonal epidemics, but little is known about their interaction with human airway cells. In this study, we determined cytopathology, replication, and progeny virion release from human airway cells during long-term infection in vitro. Both viruses readily established persistent infection without causing significant cytopathic effects. However, assembly and release of hPIV1 rapidly declined in sharp contrast to hPIV3 due to impaired viral ribonucleocapsid (vRNP) trafficking and virus assembly. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both viruses induced similar levels of type I and III IFNs. However, hPIV1 induced specific ISGs stronger than hPIV3, such as MX2, which bound to hPIV1 vRNPs in infected cells. In addition, hPIV1 but not hPIV3 suppressed genes involved in lipid biogenesis and hPIV1 infection resulted in ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Consequently, formation of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts was impaired in hPIV1 infected cells. These results indicate that hPIV1 is capable of regulating cholesterol biogenesis, which likely together with ISGs contributes to establishment of a quiescent infection.</description><subject>Airway (Medicine)</subject><subject>Assembly</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Cholesterol</subject><subject>Coenzyme A</subject><subject>Cytopathology</subject><subject>Cytoplasm</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Host-virus relationships</subject><subject>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Lipid rafts</subject><subject>Lipids</subject><subject>Measles</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Parainfluenza</subject><subject>Parainfluenza viruses</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Progeny</subject><subject>Protein synthesis</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Reductases</subject><subject>Respiratory syncytial virus</subject><subject>Respiratory tract</subject><subject>RNA virus infections</subject><subject>Synthesis</subject><subject>Ubiquitination</subject><subject>Viral infections</subject><subject>Virions</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>1553-7374</issn><issn>1553-7366</issn><issn>1553-7374</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqVkl1rFDEUhgdRbK3-A8GAN_Vi12SSzMeNUIrahaLgx3XIJCe7WbKTaZKpruB_N9MdxZXeSAYSTp7zvnNOTlE8J3hJaE1eb_0YeumWwyDTkmDctrh5UJwSzumipjV7-Nf5pHgS4xZjRiipHhcnlPGyrVl5Wvy8GneyR4MM0vbGjdD_kOjWhjGitB8AERRgPTqZICK18Q5iguAd6qyP-z5tINqIZK9RvpCdszFH0M1oISroE8qaoJL1fT6hzZ2VtOGb3CMFzsWnxSMjXYRn835WfH339svl1eL64_vV5cX1QtWYpYUiJZSNaUvetZ3SBjjDtZJUN7rkDWVaQac6TbHBAEYD7nTVGNVoo3lL65aeFS8OuoPzUcydiyIn56-qOM3E6kBoL7diCHYnw154acVdwIe1kCFZ5UCUDZEKQ8MMKZnSpDUd4yo_CWaSVjC5vZndxm4HempEkO5I9Pimtxux9reiYWyqLAuczwLB34y5s2Jn49Qw2YMfp_-uGcOUtyyjL_9B769uptYyF5AfxWdfNYmKi6quefYseaaW91B5adhZ5XswNsePEl4dJWQmwfe0lmOMYvX503-wH45ZdmBV8DEGMH96R7CYhv93kWIafjEPP_0F2Wr6GA</recordid><startdate>20210916</startdate><enddate>20210916</enddate><creator>Kurebayashi, Yuki</creator><creator>Bajimaya, Shringkhala</creator><creator>Watanabe, Masahiro</creator><creator>Lim, Nicholas</creator><creator>Lutz, Michael</creator><creator>Dunagan, Megan</creator><creator>Takimoto, Toru</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ISN</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-7726</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-0808</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-694X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210916</creationdate><title>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells</title><author>Kurebayashi, Yuki ; Bajimaya, Shringkhala ; Watanabe, Masahiro ; Lim, Nicholas ; Lutz, Michael ; Dunagan, Megan ; Takimoto, Toru</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c704t-c12e28f925b9bcdfe5407ca3d8d25834dcebcbd30f0eefde0bd68fc8dfd593793</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Airway (Medicine)</topic><topic>Assembly</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Cholesterol</topic><topic>Coenzyme A</topic><topic>Cytopathology</topic><topic>Cytoplasm</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Gene expression</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Host-virus relationships</topic><topic>Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Lipid rafts</topic><topic>Lipids</topic><topic>Measles</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Parainfluenza</topic><topic>Parainfluenza viruses</topic><topic>Physiological aspects</topic><topic>Progeny</topic><topic>Protein synthesis</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Reductases</topic><topic>Respiratory syncytial virus</topic><topic>Respiratory tract</topic><topic>RNA virus infections</topic><topic>Synthesis</topic><topic>Ubiquitination</topic><topic>Viral infections</topic><topic>Virions</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kurebayashi, Yuki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bajimaya, Shringkhala</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watanabe, Masahiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lutz, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunagan, Megan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Takimoto, Toru</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Canada</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PLoS pathogens</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kurebayashi, Yuki</au><au>Bajimaya, Shringkhala</au><au>Watanabe, Masahiro</au><au>Lim, Nicholas</au><au>Lutz, Michael</au><au>Dunagan, Megan</au><au>Takimoto, Toru</au><au>Kawaoka, Yoshihiro</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells</atitle><jtitle>PLoS pathogens</jtitle><date>2021-09-16</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e1009908</spage><epage>e1009908</epage><pages>e1009908-e1009908</pages><issn>1553-7374</issn><issn>1553-7366</issn><eissn>1553-7374</eissn><abstract>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) and 3 (hPIV3) cause seasonal epidemics, but little is known about their interaction with human airway cells. In this study, we determined cytopathology, replication, and progeny virion release from human airway cells during long-term infection in vitro. Both viruses readily established persistent infection without causing significant cytopathic effects. However, assembly and release of hPIV1 rapidly declined in sharp contrast to hPIV3 due to impaired viral ribonucleocapsid (vRNP) trafficking and virus assembly. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that both viruses induced similar levels of type I and III IFNs. However, hPIV1 induced specific ISGs stronger than hPIV3, such as MX2, which bound to hPIV1 vRNPs in infected cells. In addition, hPIV1 but not hPIV3 suppressed genes involved in lipid biogenesis and hPIV1 infection resulted in ubiquitination and degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, a rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Consequently, formation of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts was impaired in hPIV1 infected cells. These results indicate that hPIV1 is capable of regulating cholesterol biogenesis, which likely together with ISGs contributes to establishment of a quiescent infection.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34529742</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.ppat.1009908</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-7726</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-0808</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6612-694X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1553-7374 |
| ispartof | PLoS pathogens, 2021-09, Vol.17 (9), p.e1009908-e1009908 |
| issn | 1553-7374 1553-7366 1553-7374 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2582586653 |
| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PubMed Central Open Access; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Airway (Medicine) Assembly Biology and Life Sciences Biosynthesis Cholesterol Coenzyme A Cytopathology Cytoplasm Cytotoxicity Development and progression Epidemics Gene expression Health aspects Host-virus relationships Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase Infections Lipid rafts Lipids Measles Medicine and Health Sciences Parainfluenza Parainfluenza viruses Physiological aspects Progeny Protein synthesis Proteins Reductases Respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory tract RNA virus infections Synthesis Ubiquitination Viral infections Virions Viruses |
| title | Human parainfluenza virus type 1 regulates cholesterol biosynthesis and establishes quiescent infection in human airway cells |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-23T18%3A03%3A18IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Human%20parainfluenza%20virus%20type%201%20regulates%20cholesterol%20biosynthesis%20and%20establishes%20quiescent%20infection%20in%20human%20airway%20cells&rft.jtitle=PLoS%20pathogens&rft.au=Kurebayashi,%20Yuki&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=e1009908&rft.epage=e1009908&rft.pages=e1009908-e1009908&rft.issn=1553-7374&rft.eissn=1553-7374&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009908&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA677507325%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2582586653&rft_id=info:pmid/34529742&rft_galeid=A677507325&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_281ac0e84f124cd19fb45c37104a36e9&rfr_iscdi=true |