Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source and point of use and associated factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia
Biological deterioration of drinking water is the major cause of waterborne disease globally. However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among househol...
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| description | Biological deterioration of drinking water is the major cause of waterborne disease globally. However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. This study revealed that 21.7%; 95% CI (4.5%, 39.1%) of water sources and 83.3%; 95% CI (79.8%, 87.1%) of households' drinking water were contaminated by thermotolerant coliform. Drinking water samples from households with poor wealth index [AOR = 9.63; 95%CI (2.92, 31.69)], households with unimproved sanitation facility [AOR = 2.81; 95%CI (1.31, 6.01)], households which shares their house with animal [AOR = 3.73; 95%CI (1.66, 8.37)], households that didn't practice household water treatment [AOR = 3.42; 95%CI (1.60, 7.31)] and not washing hands before water collection [AOR = 7.04; 95%CI (2.22, 22.30)] were significantly associated with deterioration of bacteriological quality of household drinking water. This study indicates that the bacteriological quality of drinking water deteriorates from source to point of use. Thus, health education programs on water, sanitation, hygienic practice must be enhanced to improve the quality of drinking water. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0258806 |
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However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. This study revealed that 21.7%; 95% CI (4.5%, 39.1%) of water sources and 83.3%; 95% CI (79.8%, 87.1%) of households' drinking water were contaminated by thermotolerant coliform. Drinking water samples from households with poor wealth index [AOR = 9.63; 95%CI (2.92, 31.69)], households with unimproved sanitation facility [AOR = 2.81; 95%CI (1.31, 6.01)], households which shares their house with animal [AOR = 3.73; 95%CI (1.66, 8.37)], households that didn't practice household water treatment [AOR = 3.42; 95%CI (1.60, 7.31)] and not washing hands before water collection [AOR = 7.04; 95%CI (2.22, 22.30)] were significantly associated with deterioration of bacteriological quality of household drinking water. This study indicates that the bacteriological quality of drinking water deteriorates from source to point of use. Thus, health education programs on water, sanitation, hygienic practice must be enhanced to improve the quality of drinking water.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258806</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34653216</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Bacteria ; Confidence intervals ; Data collection ; Dependent variables ; Developing countries ; Drinking water ; E coli ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Environmental health ; Evaluation ; Feces ; Households ; Hygiene ; Identification methods ; LDCs ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Membrane filtration ; Microorganisms ; Pathogens ; People and Places ; Population ; Prevention ; Principal components analysis ; Quality management ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Rural areas ; Sample size ; Sanitation ; Sanitation facilities ; Statistical analysis ; Water analysis ; Water pollution ; Water purification ; Water quality ; Water sampling ; Water sources ; Water supply ; Water treatment ; Waterborne diseases ; Waterborne infections</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0258806-e0258806</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Alemeshet Asefa et al. 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However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. 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However, there is a paucity of information on identifying the point where deterioration of the bacteriological quality of drinking water occurs (source or point of use) and associated factors among households in developing countries, especially in Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 425 households in Eastern Ethiopia. Households with at least one child under-five years of age were included in the study. A total of 448 Water samples (425 from households and 23 from water sources) were collected and analyzed by the membrane filtration method to identify Thermotolerant coliform. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each independent and dependent variable. Adjusted Odd Ratios along with 95% Confidence intervals were estimated to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. This study revealed that 21.7%; 95% CI (4.5%, 39.1%) of water sources and 83.3%; 95% CI (79.8%, 87.1%) of households' drinking water were contaminated by thermotolerant coliform. Drinking water samples from households with poor wealth index [AOR = 9.63; 95%CI (2.92, 31.69)], households with unimproved sanitation facility [AOR = 2.81; 95%CI (1.31, 6.01)], households which shares their house with animal [AOR = 3.73; 95%CI (1.66, 8.37)], households that didn't practice household water treatment [AOR = 3.42; 95%CI (1.60, 7.31)] and not washing hands before water collection [AOR = 7.04; 95%CI (2.22, 22.30)] were significantly associated with deterioration of bacteriological quality of household drinking water. This study indicates that the bacteriological quality of drinking water deteriorates from source to point of use. 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| subjects | Bacteria Confidence intervals Data collection Dependent variables Developing countries Drinking water E coli Ecology and Environmental Sciences Environmental health Evaluation Feces Households Hygiene Identification methods LDCs Medicine and Health Sciences Membrane filtration Microorganisms Pathogens People and Places Population Prevention Principal components analysis Quality management Research and Analysis Methods Rural areas Sample size Sanitation Sanitation facilities Statistical analysis Water analysis Water pollution Water purification Water quality Water sampling Water sources Water supply Water treatment Waterborne diseases Waterborne infections |
| title | Bacteriological quality of drinking water from source and point of use and associated factors among households in Eastern Ethiopia |
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