The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic - the international COVISTRESS survey
The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated an upheaval in society and has been the cause of considerable stress during this period. Healthcare professionals have been on the front line during this health crisis, particularly paramedical staff. The aim of this study was to assess the high level of stress of...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0257840 |
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| creator | Couarraze, Sébastien Delamarre, Louis Marhar, Fouad Quach, Binh Jiao, Jiao Avilés Dorlhiac, Raimundo Saadaoui, Foued Liu, Andy Su-I Dubuis, Benoït Antunes, Samuel Andant, Nicolas Pereira, Bruno Ugbolue, Ukadike C Baker, Julien S Clinchamps, Maëlys Dutheil, Frédéric |
| description | The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated an upheaval in society and has been the cause of considerable stress during this period. Healthcare professionals have been on the front line during this health crisis, particularly paramedical staff. The aim of this study was to assess the high level of stress of healthcare workers during the first wave of the pandemic.
The COVISTRESS international study is a questionnaire disseminated online collecting demographic and stress-related data over the globe, during the pandemic. Stress levels were evaluated using non-calibrated visual analog scale, from 0 (no stress) to 100 (maximal stress).
Among the 13,537 individuals from 44 countries who completed the survey from January to June 2020, we included 10,051 workers (including 1379 healthcare workers, 631 medical doctors and 748 paramedical staff). The stress levels during the first wave of the pandemic were 57.8 ± 33 in the whole cohort, 65.3 ± 29.1 in medical doctors, and 73.6 ± 27.7 in paramedical staff. Healthcare professionals and especially paramedical staff had the highest levels of stress (p < 0.001 vs non-healthcare workers). Across all occupational categories, women had systematically significantly higher levels of work-related stress than men (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between age and stress level (r = -0.098, p < 0.001). Healthcare professionals demonstrated an increased risk of very-high stress levels (>80) compared to other workers (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.87-2.41). Paramedical staff risk for very-high levels of stress was higher than doctors' (1.88, 1.50-2.34). The risk of high levels of stress also increased in women (1.83, 1.61-2.09; p < 0.001 vs. men) and in people aged 50).
The first wave of the pandemic was a major stressful event for healthcare workers, especially paramedical staff. Among individuals, women were the most at risk while age was a protective factor. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0257840 |
| format | Article |
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The COVISTRESS international study is a questionnaire disseminated online collecting demographic and stress-related data over the globe, during the pandemic. Stress levels were evaluated using non-calibrated visual analog scale, from 0 (no stress) to 100 (maximal stress).
Among the 13,537 individuals from 44 countries who completed the survey from January to June 2020, we included 10,051 workers (including 1379 healthcare workers, 631 medical doctors and 748 paramedical staff). The stress levels during the first wave of the pandemic were 57.8 ± 33 in the whole cohort, 65.3 ± 29.1 in medical doctors, and 73.6 ± 27.7 in paramedical staff. Healthcare professionals and especially paramedical staff had the highest levels of stress (p < 0.001 vs non-healthcare workers). Across all occupational categories, women had systematically significantly higher levels of work-related stress than men (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between age and stress level (r = -0.098, p < 0.001). Healthcare professionals demonstrated an increased risk of very-high stress levels (>80) compared to other workers (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.87-2.41). Paramedical staff risk for very-high levels of stress was higher than doctors' (1.88, 1.50-2.34). The risk of high levels of stress also increased in women (1.83, 1.61-2.09; p < 0.001 vs. men) and in people aged <50 (1.45, 1.26-1.66; p < 0.001 vs. aged >50).
The first wave of the pandemic was a major stressful event for healthcare workers, especially paramedical staff. Among individuals, women were the most at risk while age was a protective factor.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257840</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34614016</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adult ; Age ; Anesthesiology ; Confidence intervals ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; COVID-19 - psychology ; Critical care ; Doctors ; Epidemics ; Ethical aspects ; Exercise ; Female ; France ; Gender ; Health care ; Health Personnel - psychology ; Health risks ; Hospitals ; Human health and pathology ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; Humans ; Job stress ; Life Sciences ; Male ; Management ; Medical personnel ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Occupational health ; Occupational stress ; Occupational Stress - epidemiology ; Pandemics ; People and Places ; Physical education ; Physicians ; Physiology ; Polls & surveys ; Professional ethics ; Professionals ; Psychological aspects ; Psychology ; Questionnaires ; Risk ; Risk factors ; Sabatier, Paul (1854-1941) ; Santé publique et épidémiologie ; SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification ; Software ; Stress ; Stress, Psychological - epidemiology ; Surveys ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Variables ; Workers</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0257840</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Couarraze et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><rights>2021 Couarraze et al 2021 Couarraze et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c820t-8132fb5777f4eb63e72f58e61a6b0b4faf153dce18760683560165d5cb2434c43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c820t-8132fb5777f4eb63e72f58e61a6b0b4faf153dce18760683560165d5cb2434c43</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6640-4126 ; 0000-0003-1016-6808 ; 0000-0003-3778-7161 ; 0000-0003-4756-6928 ; 0000-0002-0574-2922 ; 0000-0002-1468-6029 ; 0000-0002-9093-7897</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8494302/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8494302/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2102,2928,23866,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34614016$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-03395866$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Gesser-Edelsburg, Anat</contributor><creatorcontrib>Couarraze, Sébastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delamarre, Louis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marhar, Fouad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quach, Binh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiao, Jiao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avilés Dorlhiac, Raimundo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saadaoui, Foued</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Andy Su-I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dubuis, Benoït</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antunes, Samuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andant, Nicolas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pereira, Bruno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ugbolue, Ukadike C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Julien S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clinchamps, Maëlys</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dutheil, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>COVISTRESS network</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>The COVISTRESS network</creatorcontrib><title>The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic - the international COVISTRESS survey</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated an upheaval in society and has been the cause of considerable stress during this period. Healthcare professionals have been on the front line during this health crisis, particularly paramedical staff. The aim of this study was to assess the high level of stress of healthcare workers during the first wave of the pandemic.
The COVISTRESS international study is a questionnaire disseminated online collecting demographic and stress-related data over the globe, during the pandemic. Stress levels were evaluated using non-calibrated visual analog scale, from 0 (no stress) to 100 (maximal stress).
Among the 13,537 individuals from 44 countries who completed the survey from January to June 2020, we included 10,051 workers (including 1379 healthcare workers, 631 medical doctors and 748 paramedical staff). The stress levels during the first wave of the pandemic were 57.8 ± 33 in the whole cohort, 65.3 ± 29.1 in medical doctors, and 73.6 ± 27.7 in paramedical staff. Healthcare professionals and especially paramedical staff had the highest levels of stress (p < 0.001 vs non-healthcare workers). Across all occupational categories, women had systematically significantly higher levels of work-related stress than men (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between age and stress level (r = -0.098, p < 0.001). Healthcare professionals demonstrated an increased risk of very-high stress levels (>80) compared to other workers (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.87-2.41). Paramedical staff risk for very-high levels of stress was higher than doctors' (1.88, 1.50-2.34). The risk of high levels of stress also increased in women (1.83, 1.61-2.09; p < 0.001 vs. men) and in people aged <50 (1.45, 1.26-1.66; p < 0.001 vs. aged >50).
The first wave of the pandemic was a major stressful event for healthcare workers, especially paramedical staff. Among individuals, women were the most at risk while age was a protective factor.]]></description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Anesthesiology</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - psychology</subject><subject>Critical care</subject><subject>Doctors</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Ethical aspects</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>France</subject><subject>Gender</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health Personnel - psychology</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Human health and pathology</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Job stress</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Management</subject><subject>Medical personnel</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Occupational health</subject><subject>Occupational stress</subject><subject>Occupational Stress - 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the international COVISTRESS survey</title><author>Couarraze, Sébastien ; Delamarre, Louis ; Marhar, Fouad ; Quach, Binh ; Jiao, Jiao ; Avilés Dorlhiac, Raimundo ; Saadaoui, Foued ; Liu, Andy Su-I ; Dubuis, Benoït ; Antunes, Samuel ; Andant, Nicolas ; Pereira, Bruno ; Ugbolue, Ukadike C ; Baker, Julien S ; Clinchamps, Maëlys ; Dutheil, Frédéric</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c820t-8132fb5777f4eb63e72f58e61a6b0b4faf153dce18760683560165d5cb2434c43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Anesthesiology</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - epidemiology</topic><topic>COVID-19 - psychology</topic><topic>Critical care</topic><topic>Doctors</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Ethical aspects</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>France</topic><topic>Gender</topic><topic>Health care</topic><topic>Health Personnel - psychology</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Hospitals</topic><topic>Human health and pathology</topic><topic>Humanities and Social Sciences</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Job stress</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Management</topic><topic>Medical personnel</topic><topic>Medicine and Health Sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Occupational health</topic><topic>Occupational stress</topic><topic>Occupational Stress - epidemiology</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>People and Places</topic><topic>Physical education</topic><topic>Physicians</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Professional ethics</topic><topic>Professionals</topic><topic>Psychological aspects</topic><topic>Psychology</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Sabatier, Paul (1854-1941)</topic><topic>Santé publique et épidémiologie</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Software</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - epidemiology</topic><topic>Surveys</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Variables</topic><topic>Workers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Couarraze, Sébastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Delamarre, Louis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marhar, Fouad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quach, Binh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiao, Jiao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Avilés Dorlhiac, Raimundo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saadaoui, Foued</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Andy Su-I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dubuis, Benoït</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Antunes, Samuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andant, Nicolas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pereira, Bruno</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ugbolue, Ukadike C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Julien S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clinchamps, Maëlys</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dutheil, Frédéric</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>COVISTRESS network</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>The COVISTRESS network</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Coronavirus Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>HAL-SHS: Archive ouverte en Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Couarraze, Sébastien</au><au>Delamarre, Louis</au><au>Marhar, Fouad</au><au>Quach, Binh</au><au>Jiao, Jiao</au><au>Avilés Dorlhiac, Raimundo</au><au>Saadaoui, Foued</au><au>Liu, Andy Su-I</au><au>Dubuis, Benoït</au><au>Antunes, Samuel</au><au>Andant, Nicolas</au><au>Pereira, Bruno</au><au>Ugbolue, Ukadike C</au><au>Baker, Julien S</au><au>Clinchamps, Maëlys</au><au>Dutheil, Frédéric</au><au>Gesser-Edelsburg, Anat</au><aucorp>COVISTRESS network</aucorp><aucorp>The COVISTRESS network</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic - the international COVISTRESS survey</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2021-10-06</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0257840</spage><pages>e0257840-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated an upheaval in society and has been the cause of considerable stress during this period. Healthcare professionals have been on the front line during this health crisis, particularly paramedical staff. The aim of this study was to assess the high level of stress of healthcare workers during the first wave of the pandemic.
The COVISTRESS international study is a questionnaire disseminated online collecting demographic and stress-related data over the globe, during the pandemic. Stress levels were evaluated using non-calibrated visual analog scale, from 0 (no stress) to 100 (maximal stress).
Among the 13,537 individuals from 44 countries who completed the survey from January to June 2020, we included 10,051 workers (including 1379 healthcare workers, 631 medical doctors and 748 paramedical staff). The stress levels during the first wave of the pandemic were 57.8 ± 33 in the whole cohort, 65.3 ± 29.1 in medical doctors, and 73.6 ± 27.7 in paramedical staff. Healthcare professionals and especially paramedical staff had the highest levels of stress (p < 0.001 vs non-healthcare workers). Across all occupational categories, women had systematically significantly higher levels of work-related stress than men (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between age and stress level (r = -0.098, p < 0.001). Healthcare professionals demonstrated an increased risk of very-high stress levels (>80) compared to other workers (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.87-2.41). Paramedical staff risk for very-high levels of stress was higher than doctors' (1.88, 1.50-2.34). The risk of high levels of stress also increased in women (1.83, 1.61-2.09; p < 0.001 vs. men) and in people aged <50 (1.45, 1.26-1.66; p < 0.001 vs. aged >50).
The first wave of the pandemic was a major stressful event for healthcare workers, especially paramedical staff. Among individuals, women were the most at risk while age was a protective factor.]]></abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34614016</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0257840</doi><tpages>e0257840</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6640-4126</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-6808</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3778-7161</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4756-6928</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0574-2922</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1468-6029</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-7897</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0257840 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2579571170 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adult Age Anesthesiology Confidence intervals Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - psychology Critical care Doctors Epidemics Ethical aspects Exercise Female France Gender Health care Health Personnel - psychology Health risks Hospitals Human health and pathology Humanities and Social Sciences Humans Job stress Life Sciences Male Management Medical personnel Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Occupational health Occupational stress Occupational Stress - epidemiology Pandemics People and Places Physical education Physicians Physiology Polls & surveys Professional ethics Professionals Psychological aspects Psychology Questionnaires Risk Risk factors Sabatier, Paul (1854-1941) Santé publique et épidémiologie SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification Software Stress Stress, Psychological - epidemiology Surveys Surveys and Questionnaires Variables Workers |
| title | The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic - the international COVISTRESS survey |
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