Passive stretching decreases muscle efficiency in balance tasks
The current study aimed to verify whether or not passive static stretching affects balance control capacity. Thirty-eight participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent a passive static stretching session, involving the knee extensor/flexor and dorsi/plantarflexor muscles, and a control session (no st...
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| description | The current study aimed to verify whether or not passive static stretching affects balance control capacity. Thirty-eight participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent a passive static stretching session, involving the knee extensor/flexor and dorsi/plantarflexor muscles, and a control session (no stretching, CTRL). Before (PRE), immediately after (POST), after 15 (POST.sub.15) and 30 min (POST.sub.30) from stretching (or rest in CTRL), balance control was evaluated under static and dynamic conditions, with open/closed eyes, and with/without somatosensory perturbation (foam under the feet). During tests, centre of pressure (CoP) sway area and perimeter and antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed were computed. Surface electromyography root mean square (sEMG RMS) was calculated from the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior muscles during MVC and during the balance tests. Hip flexion/extension and dorsi/plantarflexion range of motion (ROM), maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sEMG RMS during MVC were measured at the same time points. After stretching, ROM increased ([almost equal to]6.5%; P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0256656 |
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Thirty-eight participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent a passive static stretching session, involving the knee extensor/flexor and dorsi/plantarflexor muscles, and a control session (no stretching, CTRL). Before (PRE), immediately after (POST), after 15 (POST.sub.15) and 30 min (POST.sub.30) from stretching (or rest in CTRL), balance control was evaluated under static and dynamic conditions, with open/closed eyes, and with/without somatosensory perturbation (foam under the feet). During tests, centre of pressure (CoP) sway area and perimeter and antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed were computed. Surface electromyography root mean square (sEMG RMS) was calculated from the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior muscles during MVC and during the balance tests. Hip flexion/extension and dorsi/plantarflexion range of motion (ROM), maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sEMG RMS during MVC were measured at the same time points. After stretching, ROM increased ([almost equal to]6.5%; P<0.05), while MVC and sEMG RMS decreased ([almost equal to]9% and [almost equal to]7.5%, respectively; P<0.05). Regardless of the testing condition, CoP sway area and the perimeter remained similar, while antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed decreased by [almost equal to]8% and [almost equal to]12%, respectively (P<0.05). sEMG RMS during the balance tests increased in all muscles in POST ([almost equal to]7%, P<0.05). All variables recovered in POST.sub.30 . No changes occurred in CTRL. Passive static stretching did not affect the overall balance control ability. However, greater muscle activation was required to maintain similar CoP sway, thus suggesting a decrease in muscle efficiency.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256656</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34550984</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Bias ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Contraction ; Electromyography ; Equilibrium (Physics) ; Evaluation ; Feedback ; Foam ; Foams ; Health aspects ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Muscle contraction ; Muscles ; Orthopedics ; Perturbation ; Physical Sciences ; Physiological aspects ; Plantar flexion ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Skeletal muscle ; Stretching ; Stretching exercises</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-09, Vol.16 (9), p.e0256656-e0256656</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Coratella et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Thirty-eight participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent a passive static stretching session, involving the knee extensor/flexor and dorsi/plantarflexor muscles, and a control session (no stretching, CTRL). Before (PRE), immediately after (POST), after 15 (POST.sub.15) and 30 min (POST.sub.30) from stretching (or rest in CTRL), balance control was evaluated under static and dynamic conditions, with open/closed eyes, and with/without somatosensory perturbation (foam under the feet). During tests, centre of pressure (CoP) sway area and perimeter and antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed were computed. Surface electromyography root mean square (sEMG RMS) was calculated from the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior muscles during MVC and during the balance tests. Hip flexion/extension and dorsi/plantarflexion range of motion (ROM), maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sEMG RMS during MVC were measured at the same time points. After stretching, ROM increased ([almost equal to]6.5%; P<0.05), while MVC and sEMG RMS decreased ([almost equal to]9% and [almost equal to]7.5%, respectively; P<0.05). Regardless of the testing condition, CoP sway area and the perimeter remained similar, while antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed decreased by [almost equal to]8% and [almost equal to]12%, respectively (P<0.05). sEMG RMS during the balance tests increased in all muscles in POST ([almost equal to]7%, P<0.05). All variables recovered in POST.sub.30 . No changes occurred in CTRL. Passive static stretching did not affect the overall balance control ability. However, greater muscle activation was required to maintain similar CoP sway, thus suggesting a decrease in muscle efficiency.</description><subject>Bias</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Contraction</subject><subject>Electromyography</subject><subject>Equilibrium (Physics)</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Feedback</subject><subject>Foam</subject><subject>Foams</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Muscle contraction</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Orthopedics</subject><subject>Perturbation</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Physiological aspects</subject><subject>Plantar flexion</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Skeletal muscle</subject><subject>Stretching</subject><subject>Stretching 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Thirty-eight participants (19 women and 19 men) underwent a passive static stretching session, involving the knee extensor/flexor and dorsi/plantarflexor muscles, and a control session (no stretching, CTRL). Before (PRE), immediately after (POST), after 15 (POST.sub.15) and 30 min (POST.sub.30) from stretching (or rest in CTRL), balance control was evaluated under static and dynamic conditions, with open/closed eyes, and with/without somatosensory perturbation (foam under the feet). During tests, centre of pressure (CoP) sway area and perimeter and antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed were computed. Surface electromyography root mean square (sEMG RMS) was calculated from the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medialis, and tibialis anterior muscles during MVC and during the balance tests. Hip flexion/extension and dorsi/plantarflexion range of motion (ROM), maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and sEMG RMS during MVC were measured at the same time points. After stretching, ROM increased ([almost equal to]6.5%; P<0.05), while MVC and sEMG RMS decreased ([almost equal to]9% and [almost equal to]7.5%, respectively; P<0.05). Regardless of the testing condition, CoP sway area and the perimeter remained similar, while antero-posterior and medio-lateral sway mean speed decreased by [almost equal to]8% and [almost equal to]12%, respectively (P<0.05). sEMG RMS during the balance tests increased in all muscles in POST ([almost equal to]7%, P<0.05). All variables recovered in POST.sub.30 . No changes occurred in CTRL. Passive static stretching did not affect the overall balance control ability. However, greater muscle activation was required to maintain similar CoP sway, thus suggesting a decrease in muscle efficiency.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34550984</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0256656</doi><tpages>e0256656</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5806-8305</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6984-9323</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7523-9102</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-3153</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Bias Biology and Life Sciences Contraction Electromyography Equilibrium (Physics) Evaluation Feedback Foam Foams Health aspects Medicine and Health Sciences Muscle contraction Muscles Orthopedics Perturbation Physical Sciences Physiological aspects Plantar flexion Research and Analysis Methods Skeletal muscle Stretching Stretching exercises |
| title | Passive stretching decreases muscle efficiency in balance tasks |
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