The cranial anatomy and relationships of Cardiocorax mukulu (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from Bentiaba, Angola
We report a new specimen of the plesiosaur Cardiocorax mukulu that includes the most complete plesiosaur skull from sub-Saharan Africa. The well-preserved three-dimensional nature of the skull offers rare insight into the cranial anatomy of elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. The new specimen of Cardiocora...
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| creator | Marx, Miguel P Mateus, Octávio Polcyn, Michael J Schulp, Anne S Gonçalves, A Olímpio Jacobs, Louis L |
| description | We report a new specimen of the plesiosaur Cardiocorax mukulu that includes the most complete plesiosaur skull from sub-Saharan Africa. The well-preserved three-dimensional nature of the skull offers rare insight into the cranial anatomy of elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. The new specimen of Cardiocorax mukulu was recovered from Bentiaba, Namibe Province in Angola, approximately three meters above the holotype. The new specimen also includes an atlas-axis complex, seventeen postaxial cervical vertebrae, partial ribs, a femur, and limb elements. It is identified as Cardiocorax mukulu based on an apomorphy shared with the holotype where the cervical neural spine is approximately as long anteroposteriorly as the centrum and exhibits a sinusoidal anterior margin. The new specimen is nearly identical to the holotype and previously referred material in all other aspects. Cardiocorax mukulu is returned in an early-branching or intermediate position in Elasmosauridae in four out of the six of our phylogenetic analyses. Cardiocorax mukulu lacks the elongated cervical vertebrae that is characteristic of the extremely long-necked elasmosaurines, and the broad skull with and a high number of maxillary teeth (28-40) which is characteristic of Aristonectinae. Currently, the most parsimonious explanation concerning elasmosaurid evolutionary relationships, is that Cardiocorax mukulu represents an older lineage of elasmosaurids in the Maastrichtian. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0255773 |
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The well-preserved three-dimensional nature of the skull offers rare insight into the cranial anatomy of elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. The new specimen of Cardiocorax mukulu was recovered from Bentiaba, Namibe Province in Angola, approximately three meters above the holotype. The new specimen also includes an atlas-axis complex, seventeen postaxial cervical vertebrae, partial ribs, a femur, and limb elements. It is identified as Cardiocorax mukulu based on an apomorphy shared with the holotype where the cervical neural spine is approximately as long anteroposteriorly as the centrum and exhibits a sinusoidal anterior margin. The new specimen is nearly identical to the holotype and previously referred material in all other aspects. Cardiocorax mukulu is returned in an early-branching or intermediate position in Elasmosauridae in four out of the six of our phylogenetic analyses. Cardiocorax mukulu lacks the elongated cervical vertebrae that is characteristic of the extremely long-necked elasmosaurines, and the broad skull with and a high number of maxillary teeth (28-40) which is characteristic of Aristonectinae. Currently, the most parsimonious explanation concerning elasmosaurid evolutionary relationships, is that Cardiocorax mukulu represents an older lineage of elasmosaurids in the Maastrichtian.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255773</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34403433</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Analysis ; Anatomy ; Angola ; Animals ; Behavior ; Biological Evolution ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Cervical Vertebrae - anatomy & histology ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Dinosaurs - anatomy & histology ; Earth science ; Earth Sciences ; Femur ; Fossils ; Fossils - anatomy & histology ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Museums ; Natural history ; Neck - anatomy & histology ; Paleontology ; Phylogeny ; Plesiosaurs ; Reptiles - anatomy & histology ; Ribs - anatomy & histology ; Skull ; Skull - anatomy & histology ; Software ; Spine ; Structure ; Tooth - anatomy & histology ; Vertebra ; Vertebrae]]></subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0255773-e0255773</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Marx et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The well-preserved three-dimensional nature of the skull offers rare insight into the cranial anatomy of elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. The new specimen of Cardiocorax mukulu was recovered from Bentiaba, Namibe Province in Angola, approximately three meters above the holotype. The new specimen also includes an atlas-axis complex, seventeen postaxial cervical vertebrae, partial ribs, a femur, and limb elements. It is identified as Cardiocorax mukulu based on an apomorphy shared with the holotype where the cervical neural spine is approximately as long anteroposteriorly as the centrum and exhibits a sinusoidal anterior margin. The new specimen is nearly identical to the holotype and previously referred material in all other aspects. Cardiocorax mukulu is returned in an early-branching or intermediate position in Elasmosauridae in four out of the six of our phylogenetic analyses. Cardiocorax mukulu lacks the elongated cervical vertebrae that is characteristic of the extremely long-necked elasmosaurines, and the broad skull with and a high number of maxillary teeth (28-40) which is characteristic of Aristonectinae. Currently, the most parsimonious explanation concerning elasmosaurid evolutionary relationships, is that Cardiocorax mukulu represents an older lineage of elasmosaurids in the Maastrichtian.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Anatomy</subject><subject>Angola</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Biological Evolution</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cervical Vertebrae - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Dinosaurs - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Earth science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Femur</subject><subject>Fossils</subject><subject>Fossils - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Museums</subject><subject>Natural history</subject><subject>Neck - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Paleontology</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Plesiosaurs</subject><subject>Reptiles - 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The well-preserved three-dimensional nature of the skull offers rare insight into the cranial anatomy of elasmosaurid plesiosaurians. The new specimen of Cardiocorax mukulu was recovered from Bentiaba, Namibe Province in Angola, approximately three meters above the holotype. The new specimen also includes an atlas-axis complex, seventeen postaxial cervical vertebrae, partial ribs, a femur, and limb elements. It is identified as Cardiocorax mukulu based on an apomorphy shared with the holotype where the cervical neural spine is approximately as long anteroposteriorly as the centrum and exhibits a sinusoidal anterior margin. The new specimen is nearly identical to the holotype and previously referred material in all other aspects. Cardiocorax mukulu is returned in an early-branching or intermediate position in Elasmosauridae in four out of the six of our phylogenetic analyses. Cardiocorax mukulu lacks the elongated cervical vertebrae that is characteristic of the extremely long-necked elasmosaurines, and the broad skull with and a high number of maxillary teeth (28-40) which is characteristic of Aristonectinae. Currently, the most parsimonious explanation concerning elasmosaurid evolutionary relationships, is that Cardiocorax mukulu represents an older lineage of elasmosaurids in the Maastrichtian.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34403433</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0255773</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7735-3678</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3768-8032</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1253-3616</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Analysis Anatomy Angola Animals Behavior Biological Evolution Biology and Life Sciences Cervical Vertebrae - anatomy & histology Computer and Information Sciences Dinosaurs - anatomy & histology Earth science Earth Sciences Femur Fossils Fossils - anatomy & histology Medicine and Health Sciences Museums Natural history Neck - anatomy & histology Paleontology Phylogeny Plesiosaurs Reptiles - anatomy & histology Ribs - anatomy & histology Skull Skull - anatomy & histology Software Spine Structure Tooth - anatomy & histology Vertebra Vertebrae |
| title | The cranial anatomy and relationships of Cardiocorax mukulu (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from Bentiaba, Angola |
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