Predicting hemorrhagic transformation after large vessel occlusion stroke in the era of mechanical thrombectomy
Serum biomarkers are associated with hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema after cerebral infarction. However, whether serum biomarkers predict hemorrhagic transformation in large vessel occlusion stroke even after mechanical thrombectomy, which has become widely used, remains uncertain. In thi...
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| description | Serum biomarkers are associated with hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema after cerebral infarction. However, whether serum biomarkers predict hemorrhagic transformation in large vessel occlusion stroke even after mechanical thrombectomy, which has become widely used, remains uncertain. In this prospective study, we enrolled patients with large vessel occlusion stroke in the anterior circulation. We analyzed 91 patients with serum samples obtained on admission. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), amyloid precursor protein (APP) 770, endothelin-1, S100B, and claudin-5 were measured. We examined the association between serum biomarkers and hemorrhagic transformation within one week. Fifty-four patients underwent mechanical thrombectomy, and 17 patients developed relevant hemorrhagic transformation (rHT, defined as hemorrhagic changes ≥ hemorrhagic infarction type 2). Neither MMP-9 (no rHT: 46 ± 48 vs. rHT: 15 ± 4 ng/mL, P = 0.30), APP770 (80 ± 31 vs. 85 ± 8 ng/mL, P = 0.53), endothelin-1 (7.0 ± 25.7 vs. 2.0 ± 2.1 pg/mL, P = 0.42), S100B (13 ± 42 vs. 12 ± 15 pg/mL, P = 0.97), nor claudin-5 (1.7 ± 2.3 vs. 1.9 ± 1.5 ng/mL, P = 0.68) levels on admission were associated with subsequent rHT. When limited to patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy, the level of claudin-5 was higher in patients with rHT than in those without (1.2 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.7 ng/mL, P = 0.0181). APP770 levels were marginally higher in patients with a midline shift ≥ 5 mm than in those without (79 ± 29 vs. 97 ± 41 ng/mL, P = 0.084). The predictive role of serum biomarkers has to be reexamined in the mechanical thrombectomy era because some previously reported serum biomarkers may not predict hemorrhagic transformation, whereas the level of APP770 may be useful for predicting brain edema. |
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However, whether serum biomarkers predict hemorrhagic transformation in large vessel occlusion stroke even after mechanical thrombectomy, which has become widely used, remains uncertain. In this prospective study, we enrolled patients with large vessel occlusion stroke in the anterior circulation. We analyzed 91 patients with serum samples obtained on admission. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), amyloid precursor protein (APP) 770, endothelin-1, S100B, and claudin-5 were measured. We examined the association between serum biomarkers and hemorrhagic transformation within one week. Fifty-four patients underwent mechanical thrombectomy, and 17 patients developed relevant hemorrhagic transformation (rHT, defined as hemorrhagic changes ≥ hemorrhagic infarction type 2). Neither MMP-9 (no rHT: 46 ± 48 vs. rHT: 15 ± 4 ng/mL, P = 0.30), APP770 (80 ± 31 vs. 85 ± 8 ng/mL, P = 0.53), endothelin-1 (7.0 ± 25.7 vs. 2.0 ± 2.1 pg/mL, P = 0.42), S100B (13 ± 42 vs. 12 ± 15 pg/mL, P = 0.97), nor claudin-5 (1.7 ± 2.3 vs. 1.9 ± 1.5 ng/mL, P = 0.68) levels on admission were associated with subsequent rHT. When limited to patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy, the level of claudin-5 was higher in patients with rHT than in those without (1.2 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.7 ng/mL, P = 0.0181). APP770 levels were marginally higher in patients with a midline shift ≥ 5 mm than in those without (79 ± 29 vs. 97 ± 41 ng/mL, P = 0.084). The predictive role of serum biomarkers has to be reexamined in the mechanical thrombectomy era because some previously reported serum biomarkers may not predict hemorrhagic transformation, whereas the level of APP770 may be useful for predicting brain edema.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256170</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34398910</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer's disease ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor - blood ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor - genetics ; Amyloid precursor protein ; Analysis ; Biological markers ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biomarkers ; Biomarkers - blood ; Blood vessels ; Brain ; Brain Edema - diagnosis ; Brain Edema - genetics ; Brain Edema - pathology ; Brain Edema - surgery ; Catheters ; Cerebral blood flow ; Cerebral edema ; Cerebral infarction ; Cerebral Infarction - diagnosis ; Cerebral Infarction - genetics ; Cerebral Infarction - pathology ; Cerebral Infarction - surgery ; Cerebrovascular Disorders - diagnosis ; Cerebrovascular Disorders - genetics ; Cerebrovascular Disorders - pathology ; Cerebrovascular Disorders - surgery ; Claudin-5 - blood ; Claudin-5 - genetics ; Diagnosis ; Edema ; Endothelin ; Endothelin 1 ; Endothelin-1 - blood ; Endothelin-1 - genetics ; Endothelins ; Female ; Gelatinase B ; Gene Expression ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infarction ; Ischemia ; Laboratories ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Male ; Matrix metalloproteinase ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - blood ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - genetics ; Matrix metalloproteinases ; Medical imaging ; Medical schools ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Metalloproteinase ; Occlusion ; Patients ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Prospective Studies ; Research and Analysis Methods ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - blood ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - genetics ; S100b protein ; Stroke ; Stroke - diagnosis ; Stroke - genetics ; Stroke - pathology ; Stroke - surgery ; Thrombectomy - methods ; Transformation ; Transformations</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0256170-e0256170</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Iwamoto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Iwamoto et al 2021 Iwamoto et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-8fa1680175a25e3b17d4e40c1b138c264cf84cd7ec247d463ac025f56e314dc53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-8fa1680175a25e3b17d4e40c1b138c264cf84cd7ec247d463ac025f56e314dc53</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1903-8255</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8366990/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8366990/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79569,79570</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34398910$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Iwamoto, Takanori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitano, Takaya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oyama, Naoki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yagita, Yoshiki</creatorcontrib><title>Predicting hemorrhagic transformation after large vessel occlusion stroke in the era of mechanical thrombectomy</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Serum biomarkers are associated with hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema after cerebral infarction. However, whether serum biomarkers predict hemorrhagic transformation in large vessel occlusion stroke even after mechanical thrombectomy, which has become widely used, remains uncertain. In this prospective study, we enrolled patients with large vessel occlusion stroke in the anterior circulation. We analyzed 91 patients with serum samples obtained on admission. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), amyloid precursor protein (APP) 770, endothelin-1, S100B, and claudin-5 were measured. We examined the association between serum biomarkers and hemorrhagic transformation within one week. Fifty-four patients underwent mechanical thrombectomy, and 17 patients developed relevant hemorrhagic transformation (rHT, defined as hemorrhagic changes ≥ hemorrhagic infarction type 2). Neither MMP-9 (no rHT: 46 ± 48 vs. rHT: 15 ± 4 ng/mL, P = 0.30), APP770 (80 ± 31 vs. 85 ± 8 ng/mL, P = 0.53), endothelin-1 (7.0 ± 25.7 vs. 2.0 ± 2.1 pg/mL, P = 0.42), S100B (13 ± 42 vs. 12 ± 15 pg/mL, P = 0.97), nor claudin-5 (1.7 ± 2.3 vs. 1.9 ± 1.5 ng/mL, P = 0.68) levels on admission were associated with subsequent rHT. When limited to patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy, the level of claudin-5 was higher in patients with rHT than in those without (1.2 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.7 ng/mL, P = 0.0181). APP770 levels were marginally higher in patients with a midline shift ≥ 5 mm than in those without (79 ± 29 vs. 97 ± 41 ng/mL, P = 0.084). The predictive role of serum biomarkers has to be reexamined in the mechanical thrombectomy era because some previously reported serum biomarkers may not predict hemorrhagic transformation, whereas the level of APP770 may be useful for predicting brain edema.</description><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Alzheimer's disease</subject><subject>Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor - blood</subject><subject>Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor - genetics</subject><subject>Amyloid precursor protein</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Biological markers</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>Blood vessels</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain Edema - diagnosis</subject><subject>Brain Edema - genetics</subject><subject>Brain Edema - pathology</subject><subject>Brain Edema - surgery</subject><subject>Catheters</subject><subject>Cerebral blood flow</subject><subject>Cerebral edema</subject><subject>Cerebral infarction</subject><subject>Cerebral Infarction - 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blood</subject><subject>Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - genetics</subject><subject>Matrix metalloproteinases</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medical schools</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Metalloproteinase</subject><subject>Occlusion</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Predictive Value of Tests</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - blood</subject><subject>S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - genetics</subject><subject>S100b protein</subject><subject>Stroke</subject><subject>Stroke - diagnosis</subject><subject>Stroke - genetics</subject><subject>Stroke - pathology</subject><subject>Stroke - surgery</subject><subject>Thrombectomy - methods</subject><subject>Transformation</subject><subject>Transformations</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkl2L1DAUhoso7rr6D0QLgujFjEmTJumNsCx-DCys-HUb0sxpmzFNZpN0cf-97Ux3mREvvEo45zlvcl7eLHuO0RITjt9t_BCcssutd7BERckwRw-yU1yRYsEKRB4e3E-yJzFuECqJYOxxdkIoqUSF0WnmvwRYG52Ma_MOeh9Cp1qj8xSUi40PvUrGu1w1CUJuVWghv4EYweZeazvEqRlT8L8gNy5PHeQQVO6bvAfdKWe0smM1-L4GnXx_-zR71Cgb4dl8nmU_Pn74fvF5cXn1aXVxfrnQHFdpIRqFmUCYl6oogdSYrylQpHGNidAFo7oRVK856IKOLUaUHi1oSgYE07UuyVn2cq-7tT7K2asoJ5tERTgvRmK1J9ZebeQ2mF6FW-mVkbuCD61UIRltQZY1b5QWRCENlDNR1wqoAKa5qEdL0aj1fn5tqHtYa3Cjf_ZI9LjjTCdbfyMFYayqJoE3s0Dw1wPEJHsTNVirHPhh9--iIBXa_fvVX-i_t5upVo0LGNf48V09icpzxouCliWtRurtEaW9S_A7tWqIUa6-ff1_9urnMfv6gO1A2dRFb4cpS_EYpHtQBx9jgObeM4zkFPO75eQUcznHfBx7cej3_dBdrskfbar6FQ</recordid><startdate>20210816</startdate><enddate>20210816</enddate><creator>Iwamoto, Takanori</creator><creator>Kitano, Takaya</creator><creator>Oyama, Naoki</creator><creator>Yagita, Yoshiki</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>IOV</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1903-8255</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210816</creationdate><title>Predicting hemorrhagic transformation after large vessel occlusion stroke in the era of mechanical thrombectomy</title><author>Iwamoto, Takanori ; Kitano, Takaya ; Oyama, Naoki ; Yagita, Yoshiki</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c719t-8fa1680175a25e3b17d4e40c1b138c264cf84cd7ec247d463ac025f56e314dc53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Alzheimer's disease</topic><topic>Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor - 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blood</topic><topic>S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - genetics</topic><topic>S100b protein</topic><topic>Stroke</topic><topic>Stroke - diagnosis</topic><topic>Stroke - genetics</topic><topic>Stroke - pathology</topic><topic>Stroke - surgery</topic><topic>Thrombectomy - methods</topic><topic>Transformation</topic><topic>Transformations</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Iwamoto, Takanori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kitano, Takaya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oyama, Naoki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yagita, Yoshiki</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Iwamoto, Takanori</au><au>Kitano, Takaya</au><au>Oyama, Naoki</au><au>Yagita, Yoshiki</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Predicting hemorrhagic transformation after large vessel occlusion stroke in the era of mechanical thrombectomy</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2021-08-16</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e0256170</spage><epage>e0256170</epage><pages>e0256170-e0256170</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Serum biomarkers are associated with hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema after cerebral infarction. However, whether serum biomarkers predict hemorrhagic transformation in large vessel occlusion stroke even after mechanical thrombectomy, which has become widely used, remains uncertain. In this prospective study, we enrolled patients with large vessel occlusion stroke in the anterior circulation. We analyzed 91 patients with serum samples obtained on admission. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), amyloid precursor protein (APP) 770, endothelin-1, S100B, and claudin-5 were measured. We examined the association between serum biomarkers and hemorrhagic transformation within one week. Fifty-four patients underwent mechanical thrombectomy, and 17 patients developed relevant hemorrhagic transformation (rHT, defined as hemorrhagic changes ≥ hemorrhagic infarction type 2). Neither MMP-9 (no rHT: 46 ± 48 vs. rHT: 15 ± 4 ng/mL, P = 0.30), APP770 (80 ± 31 vs. 85 ± 8 ng/mL, P = 0.53), endothelin-1 (7.0 ± 25.7 vs. 2.0 ± 2.1 pg/mL, P = 0.42), S100B (13 ± 42 vs. 12 ± 15 pg/mL, P = 0.97), nor claudin-5 (1.7 ± 2.3 vs. 1.9 ± 1.5 ng/mL, P = 0.68) levels on admission were associated with subsequent rHT. When limited to patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy, the level of claudin-5 was higher in patients with rHT than in those without (1.2 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.7 ng/mL, P = 0.0181). APP770 levels were marginally higher in patients with a midline shift ≥ 5 mm than in those without (79 ± 29 vs. 97 ± 41 ng/mL, P = 0.084). The predictive role of serum biomarkers has to be reexamined in the mechanical thrombectomy era because some previously reported serum biomarkers may not predict hemorrhagic transformation, whereas the level of APP770 may be useful for predicting brain edema.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34398910</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0256170</doi><tpages>e0256170</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1903-8255</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0256170-e0256170 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2561893772 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Aged Aged, 80 and over Alzheimer's disease Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor - blood Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor - genetics Amyloid precursor protein Analysis Biological markers Biology and Life Sciences Biomarkers Biomarkers - blood Blood vessels Brain Brain Edema - diagnosis Brain Edema - genetics Brain Edema - pathology Brain Edema - surgery Catheters Cerebral blood flow Cerebral edema Cerebral infarction Cerebral Infarction - diagnosis Cerebral Infarction - genetics Cerebral Infarction - pathology Cerebral Infarction - surgery Cerebrovascular Disorders - diagnosis Cerebrovascular Disorders - genetics Cerebrovascular Disorders - pathology Cerebrovascular Disorders - surgery Claudin-5 - blood Claudin-5 - genetics Diagnosis Edema Endothelin Endothelin 1 Endothelin-1 - blood Endothelin-1 - genetics Endothelins Female Gelatinase B Gene Expression Hematoma Hemorrhage Humans Infarction Ischemia Laboratories Magnetic resonance imaging Male Matrix metalloproteinase Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - blood Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - genetics Matrix metalloproteinases Medical imaging Medical schools Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Metalloproteinase Occlusion Patients Predictive Value of Tests Prospective Studies Research and Analysis Methods S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - blood S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit - genetics S100b protein Stroke Stroke - diagnosis Stroke - genetics Stroke - pathology Stroke - surgery Thrombectomy - methods Transformation Transformations |
| title | Predicting hemorrhagic transformation after large vessel occlusion stroke in the era of mechanical thrombectomy |
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