COVID-19 severity: Studying the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse outcomes
Background The primary goal of the presented cross-sectional observational study was to determine the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in the Pakistani population. Methods We examined the individuals (n = 6331) that consulted two private...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0255999-e0255999 |
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| creator | Shoaib, Naila Noureen, Naila Munir, Rimsha Shah, Farhad Ali Ishtiaq, Noshaba Jamil, Nazia Batool, Rida Khalid, Mohammad Khan, Ihsan Iqbal, Naser Zaidi, Nousheen |
| description | Background The primary goal of the presented cross-sectional observational study was to determine the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in the Pakistani population. Methods We examined the individuals (n = 6331) that consulted two private diagnostic centers in Lahore, Pakistan, for COVID-19 testing between May 1, 2020, and November 30, 2020. The attending nurse collected clinical and demographic information. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as having a positive result through real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Results RT-PCR testing was positive in 1094 cases. Out of which, 5.2% had severe, and 20.8% had mild symptoms. We observed a strong association of COVID-19 severity with the number and type of comorbidities. The severity of the disease intensified as the number of comorbidities increased. The most vulnerable groups for the poor outcome are patients with diabetes and hypertension. Increasing age was also associated with PCR positivity and the severity of the disease. Conclusions Most cases of COVID-19 included in this study developed mild symptoms or were asymptomatic. Risk factors for adverse outcomes included older age and the simultaneous presence of comorbidities. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0255999 |
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Methods We examined the individuals (n = 6331) that consulted two private diagnostic centers in Lahore, Pakistan, for COVID-19 testing between May 1, 2020, and November 30, 2020. The attending nurse collected clinical and demographic information. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as having a positive result through real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Results RT-PCR testing was positive in 1094 cases. Out of which, 5.2% had severe, and 20.8% had mild symptoms. We observed a strong association of COVID-19 severity with the number and type of comorbidities. The severity of the disease intensified as the number of comorbidities increased. The most vulnerable groups for the poor outcome are patients with diabetes and hypertension. Increasing age was also associated with PCR positivity and the severity of the disease. Conclusions Most cases of COVID-19 included in this study developed mild symptoms or were asymptomatic. Risk factors for adverse outcomes included older age and the simultaneous presence of comorbidities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255999</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34379690</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Asymptomatic ; At risk populations ; Biology ; Biology and life sciences ; Cancer ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 diagnostic tests ; Demographic aspects ; Demographics ; Diabetes ; Diabetes mellitus ; Disease ; Dyspnea ; Genetics ; Health risks ; Hypertension ; Medical research ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mortality ; Observational studies ; Pakistan ; Pandemics ; People and Places ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Population ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; RNA-directed DNA polymerase ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Signs and symptoms ; Software ; Supervision ; Viral diseases</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-08, Vol.16 (8), p.e0255999-e0255999</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Shoaib et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Shoaib et al 2021 Shoaib et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-ae6594e5ea0c82b86b4e251706f30d73d822f2e70ace1873c9c39a379ddf3a9e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-ae6594e5ea0c82b86b4e251706f30d73d822f2e70ace1873c9c39a379ddf3a9e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8721-6266 ; 0000-0002-3896-0088</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8357125/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8357125/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shoaib, Naila</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noureen, Naila</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Munir, Rimsha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shah, Farhad Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ishtiaq, Noshaba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jamil, Nazia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Batool, Rida</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khalid, Mohammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khan, Ihsan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iqbal, Naser</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zaidi, Nousheen</creatorcontrib><title>COVID-19 severity: Studying the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse outcomes</title><title>PloS one</title><description>Background The primary goal of the presented cross-sectional observational study was to determine the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in the Pakistani population. Methods We examined the individuals (n = 6331) that consulted two private diagnostic centers in Lahore, Pakistan, for COVID-19 testing between May 1, 2020, and November 30, 2020. The attending nurse collected clinical and demographic information. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as having a positive result through real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Results RT-PCR testing was positive in 1094 cases. Out of which, 5.2% had severe, and 20.8% had mild symptoms. We observed a strong association of COVID-19 severity with the number and type of comorbidities. The severity of the disease intensified as the number of comorbidities increased. The most vulnerable groups for the poor outcome are patients with diabetes and hypertension. Increasing age was also associated with PCR positivity and the severity of the disease. Conclusions Most cases of COVID-19 included in this study developed mild symptoms or were asymptomatic. Risk factors for adverse outcomes included older age and the simultaneous presence of comorbidities.</description><subject>Asymptomatic</subject><subject>At risk populations</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 diagnostic tests</subject><subject>Demographic aspects</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Dyspnea</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hypertension</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Observational studies</subject><subject>Pakistan</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>People and Places</subject><subject>Polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>RNA-directed DNA polymerase</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Signs and symptoms</subject><subject>Software</subject><subject>Supervision</subject><subject>Viral 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severity: Studying the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse outcomes</title><author>Shoaib, Naila ; Noureen, Naila ; Munir, Rimsha ; Shah, Farhad Ali ; Ishtiaq, Noshaba ; Jamil, Nazia ; Batool, Rida ; Khalid, Mohammad ; Khan, Ihsan ; Iqbal, Naser ; Zaidi, Nousheen</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c669t-ae6594e5ea0c82b86b4e251706f30d73d822f2e70ace1873c9c39a379ddf3a9e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Asymptomatic</topic><topic>At risk populations</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Biology and life sciences</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 diagnostic tests</topic><topic>Demographic aspects</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes mellitus</topic><topic>Disease</topic><topic>Dyspnea</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Health 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Noshaba</au><au>Jamil, Nazia</au><au>Batool, Rida</au><au>Khalid, Mohammad</au><au>Khan, Ihsan</au><au>Iqbal, Naser</au><au>Zaidi, Nousheen</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>COVID-19 severity: Studying the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse outcomes</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><date>2021-08-11</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>e0255999</spage><epage>e0255999</epage><pages>e0255999-e0255999</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Background The primary goal of the presented cross-sectional observational study was to determine the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in the Pakistani population. Methods We examined the individuals (n = 6331) that consulted two private diagnostic centers in Lahore, Pakistan, for COVID-19 testing between May 1, 2020, and November 30, 2020. The attending nurse collected clinical and demographic information. A confirmed case of COVID-19 was defined as having a positive result through real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Results RT-PCR testing was positive in 1094 cases. Out of which, 5.2% had severe, and 20.8% had mild symptoms. We observed a strong association of COVID-19 severity with the number and type of comorbidities. The severity of the disease intensified as the number of comorbidities increased. The most vulnerable groups for the poor outcome are patients with diabetes and hypertension. Increasing age was also associated with PCR positivity and the severity of the disease. Conclusions Most cases of COVID-19 included in this study developed mild symptoms or were asymptomatic. Risk factors for adverse outcomes included older age and the simultaneous presence of comorbidities.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34379690</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0255999</doi><tpages>e0255999</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8721-6266</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3896-0088</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Asymptomatic At risk populations Biology Biology and life sciences Cancer Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 diagnostic tests Demographic aspects Demographics Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Disease Dyspnea Genetics Health risks Hypertension Medical research Medicine and Health Sciences Mortality Observational studies Pakistan Pandemics People and Places Polymerase chain reaction Population Risk analysis Risk factors RNA-directed DNA polymerase Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Signs and symptoms Software Supervision Viral diseases |
| title | COVID-19 severity: Studying the clinical and demographic risk factors for adverse outcomes |
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