The Pleiades are a cluster of fungal effectors that inhibit host defenses
Biotrophic plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate the host physiology. Effectors suppress defenses and induce an environment favorable to disease development. Sequence-based prediction of effector function is impeded by their rapid evolution rate. In the maize pathogen Ustilago mayd...
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| creator | Navarrete, Fernando Grujic, Nenad Stirnberg, Alexandra Saado, Indira Aleksza, David Gallei, Michelle Adi, Hazem Alcântara, André Khan, Mamoona Bindics, Janos Trujillo, Marco Djamei, Armin |
| description | Biotrophic plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate the host physiology. Effectors suppress defenses and induce an environment favorable to disease development. Sequence-based prediction of effector function is impeded by their rapid evolution rate. In the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, effector-coding genes frequently organize in clusters. Here we describe the functional characterization of the pleiades, a cluster of ten effector genes, by analyzing the micro- and macroscopic phenotype of the cluster deletion and expressing these proteins in planta. Deletion of the pleiades leads to strongly impaired virulence and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected tissue. Eight of the Pleiades suppress the production of ROS upon perception of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Although functionally redundant, the Pleiades target different host components. The paralogs Taygeta1 and Merope1 suppress ROS production in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, respectively. Merope1 targets and promotes the auto-ubiquitination activity of RFI2, a conserved family of E3 ligases that regulates the production of PAMP-triggered ROS burst in plants. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009641 |
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Effectors suppress defenses and induce an environment favorable to disease development. Sequence-based prediction of effector function is impeded by their rapid evolution rate. In the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, effector-coding genes frequently organize in clusters. Here we describe the functional characterization of the pleiades, a cluster of ten effector genes, by analyzing the micro- and macroscopic phenotype of the cluster deletion and expressing these proteins in planta. Deletion of the pleiades leads to strongly impaired virulence and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected tissue. Eight of the Pleiades suppress the production of ROS upon perception of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Although functionally redundant, the Pleiades target different host components. The paralogs Taygeta1 and Merope1 suppress ROS production in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, respectively. Merope1 targets and promotes the auto-ubiquitination activity of RFI2, a conserved family of E3 ligases that regulates the production of PAMP-triggered ROS burst in plants.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1553-7366</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1553-7374</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009641</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34166468</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Basidiomycota - pathogenicity ; Basidiomycota - physiology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Clusters ; Cytoplasm ; Deletion ; Effectors ; Evolutionary genetics ; Fungal Proteins - genetics ; Fungal Proteins - metabolism ; Fungi, Phytopathogenic ; Gene expression ; Genes ; Genetic aspects ; Genetic engineering ; Host plants ; Host-Pathogen Interactions - genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology ; Immune system ; Infections ; Kinases ; Localization ; Pathogens ; Phenotypes ; Physical Sciences ; Physiological aspects ; Plant Diseases - immunology ; Plant Immunity - immunology ; Plant immunology ; Plant-pathogen relationships ; Population ; Proteins ; Reactive oxygen species ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Ubiquitination ; Virulence ; Virulence - physiology ; Virulence Factors - genetics ; Virulence Factors - metabolism</subject><ispartof>PLoS pathogens, 2021-06, Vol.17 (6), p.e1009641</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Navarrete et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Effectors suppress defenses and induce an environment favorable to disease development. Sequence-based prediction of effector function is impeded by their rapid evolution rate. In the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, effector-coding genes frequently organize in clusters. Here we describe the functional characterization of the pleiades, a cluster of ten effector genes, by analyzing the micro- and macroscopic phenotype of the cluster deletion and expressing these proteins in planta. Deletion of the pleiades leads to strongly impaired virulence and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected tissue. Eight of the Pleiades suppress the production of ROS upon perception of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Although functionally redundant, the Pleiades target different host components. The paralogs Taygeta1 and Merope1 suppress ROS production in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, respectively. 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Effectors suppress defenses and induce an environment favorable to disease development. Sequence-based prediction of effector function is impeded by their rapid evolution rate. In the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, effector-coding genes frequently organize in clusters. Here we describe the functional characterization of the pleiades, a cluster of ten effector genes, by analyzing the micro- and macroscopic phenotype of the cluster deletion and expressing these proteins in planta. Deletion of the pleiades leads to strongly impaired virulence and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected tissue. Eight of the Pleiades suppress the production of ROS upon perception of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Although functionally redundant, the Pleiades target different host components. The paralogs Taygeta1 and Merope1 suppress ROS production in either the cytoplasm or nucleus, respectively. 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| subjects | Basidiomycota - pathogenicity Basidiomycota - physiology Biology and Life Sciences Clusters Cytoplasm Deletion Effectors Evolutionary genetics Fungal Proteins - genetics Fungal Proteins - metabolism Fungi, Phytopathogenic Gene expression Genes Genetic aspects Genetic engineering Host plants Host-Pathogen Interactions - genetics Host-Pathogen Interactions - immunology Immune system Infections Kinases Localization Pathogens Phenotypes Physical Sciences Physiological aspects Plant Diseases - immunology Plant Immunity - immunology Plant immunology Plant-pathogen relationships Population Proteins Reactive oxygen species Research and Analysis Methods Ubiquitination Virulence Virulence - physiology Virulence Factors - genetics Virulence Factors - metabolism |
| title | The Pleiades are a cluster of fungal effectors that inhibit host defenses |
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