High incidence of asymptomatic cases during an outbreak of Plasmodium malariae in a remote village of Malaysian Borneo
An outbreak of Plasmodium malariae occurred in Sonsogon Paliu village in the remote area of Ulu Bengkoka sub-district of Kota Marudu, Northern Sabah, Malaysian Borneo from July through August 2019. This was the first outbreak of malaria in this village since 2014. On 11.sup.th July 2019 the Kota Kin...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2021-06, Vol.15 (6), p.e0009450-e0009450 |
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| description | An outbreak of Plasmodium malariae occurred in Sonsogon Paliu village in the remote area of Ulu Bengkoka sub-district of Kota Marudu, Northern Sabah, Malaysian Borneo from July through August 2019. This was the first outbreak of malaria in this village since 2014. On 11.sup.th July 2019 the Kota Kinabalu Public Health Laboratory notified the Kota Marudu District Health Office of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive case of P. malariae. This index case was a male from Sulawesi, Indonesia working for a logging company operating in Sonsogon Paliu. During the resulting outbreak, a total of 14 symptomatic cases were detected. All of these cases were positive by thick and thin blood smear examination, and also by PCR. During the outbreak, a mass blood survey screening was performed by light-microscopy and PCR. A total of 94 asymptomatic villagers 31 (33.0%) were PCR positive but thick and thin blood smear negative for P. malariae. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases received treatment at the district hospital. When symptomatic and asymptomatic cases were considered together, males (29/45. 64.5%) were infected more than females (16/45, 35.6%), the male:female ratio being 1.8:1. Adults were the predominant age group infected (22/45, 48.9%) followed by adolescents (19/45, 42.2%) and children under five years of age (4/45, 8.9%). This report illustrates that symptomatic and submicroscopic cases pose a challenge during P. malariae outbreaks and that PCR is a valuable tool for their identification. The rapid identification and control of imported malaria is crucial for the continued control of malaria in Malaysia. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009450 |
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This was the first outbreak of malaria in this village since 2014. On 11.sup.th July 2019 the Kota Kinabalu Public Health Laboratory notified the Kota Marudu District Health Office of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive case of P. malariae. This index case was a male from Sulawesi, Indonesia working for a logging company operating in Sonsogon Paliu. During the resulting outbreak, a total of 14 symptomatic cases were detected. All of these cases were positive by thick and thin blood smear examination, and also by PCR. During the outbreak, a mass blood survey screening was performed by light-microscopy and PCR. A total of 94 asymptomatic villagers 31 (33.0%) were PCR positive but thick and thin blood smear negative for P. malariae. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases received treatment at the district hospital. When symptomatic and asymptomatic cases were considered together, males (29/45. 64.5%) were infected more than females (16/45, 35.6%), the male:female ratio being 1.8:1. Adults were the predominant age group infected (22/45, 48.9%) followed by adolescents (19/45, 42.2%) and children under five years of age (4/45, 8.9%). This report illustrates that symptomatic and submicroscopic cases pose a challenge during P. malariae outbreaks and that PCR is a valuable tool for their identification. The rapid identification and control of imported malaria is crucial for the continued control of malaria in Malaysia.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1935-2727</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1935-2735</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009450</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34081725</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>San Francisco: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adolescents ; Adults ; Age groups ; Asymptomatic ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blood ; Carrier state (Communicable diseases) ; Children ; DNA ; Epidemics ; Females ; Health aspects ; Human diseases ; Identification ; Infections ; Insecticides ; Laboratories ; Malaria ; Malaysia ; Males ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Microscopy ; Mosquitoes ; Nucleotide sequence ; Outbreaks ; Parasites ; PCR ; People and Places ; Plasmodium malariae ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Public health ; Questionnaires ; Statistical analysis ; Statistics ; Surveying ; Tropical diseases ; Vector-borne diseases ; Villages</subject><ispartof>PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021-06, Vol.15 (6), p.e0009450-e0009450</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Naserrudin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Naserrudin et al 2021 Naserrudin et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-75525818a65f4224e44075d9f4f276d8e2d94546cbee94e706220d1ca397fcd23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c531t-75525818a65f4224e44075d9f4f276d8e2d94546cbee94e706220d1ca397fcd23</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8808-5771 ; 0000-0002-2114-9678 ; 0000-0002-1869-3701 ; 0000-0002-0373-4451 ; 0000-0002-9578-9782 ; 0000-0003-4279-7268</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205135/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8205135/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Naserrudin, Nurul Athirah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdul Aziz, Emira Izzati</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aljet, Erdie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mangunji, George</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tojo, Bumpei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeffree, Mohammad Saffree</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Culleton, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Kamruddin</creatorcontrib><title>High incidence of asymptomatic cases during an outbreak of Plasmodium malariae in a remote village of Malaysian Borneo</title><title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><description>An outbreak of Plasmodium malariae occurred in Sonsogon Paliu village in the remote area of Ulu Bengkoka sub-district of Kota Marudu, Northern Sabah, Malaysian Borneo from July through August 2019. This was the first outbreak of malaria in this village since 2014. On 11.sup.th July 2019 the Kota Kinabalu Public Health Laboratory notified the Kota Marudu District Health Office of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive case of P. malariae. This index case was a male from Sulawesi, Indonesia working for a logging company operating in Sonsogon Paliu. During the resulting outbreak, a total of 14 symptomatic cases were detected. All of these cases were positive by thick and thin blood smear examination, and also by PCR. During the outbreak, a mass blood survey screening was performed by light-microscopy and PCR. A total of 94 asymptomatic villagers 31 (33.0%) were PCR positive but thick and thin blood smear negative for P. malariae. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases received treatment at the district hospital. 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The rapid identification and control of imported malaria is crucial for the continued control of malaria in Malaysia.</description><subject>Adolescents</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Age groups</subject><subject>Asymptomatic</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Carrier state (Communicable diseases)</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>DNA</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Human diseases</subject><subject>Identification</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Insecticides</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Malaria</subject><subject>Malaysia</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Microscopy</subject><subject>Mosquitoes</subject><subject>Nucleotide sequence</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Parasites</subject><subject>PCR</subject><subject>People and 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diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Naserrudin, Nurul Athirah</au><au>Abdul Aziz, Emira Izzati</au><au>Aljet, Erdie</au><au>Mangunji, George</au><au>Tojo, Bumpei</au><au>Jeffree, Mohammad Saffree</au><au>Culleton, Richard</au><au>Ahmed, Kamruddin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>High incidence of asymptomatic cases during an outbreak of Plasmodium malariae in a remote village of Malaysian Borneo</atitle><jtitle>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</jtitle><date>2021-06-03</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>e0009450</spage><epage>e0009450</epage><pages>e0009450-e0009450</pages><issn>1935-2735</issn><issn>1935-2727</issn><eissn>1935-2735</eissn><abstract>An outbreak of Plasmodium malariae occurred in Sonsogon Paliu village in the remote area of Ulu Bengkoka sub-district of Kota Marudu, Northern Sabah, Malaysian Borneo from July through August 2019. This was the first outbreak of malaria in this village since 2014. On 11.sup.th July 2019 the Kota Kinabalu Public Health Laboratory notified the Kota Marudu District Health Office of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive case of P. malariae. This index case was a male from Sulawesi, Indonesia working for a logging company operating in Sonsogon Paliu. During the resulting outbreak, a total of 14 symptomatic cases were detected. All of these cases were positive by thick and thin blood smear examination, and also by PCR. During the outbreak, a mass blood survey screening was performed by light-microscopy and PCR. A total of 94 asymptomatic villagers 31 (33.0%) were PCR positive but thick and thin blood smear negative for P. malariae. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases received treatment at the district hospital. When symptomatic and asymptomatic cases were considered together, males (29/45. 64.5%) were infected more than females (16/45, 35.6%), the male:female ratio being 1.8:1. Adults were the predominant age group infected (22/45, 48.9%) followed by adolescents (19/45, 42.2%) and children under five years of age (4/45, 8.9%). This report illustrates that symptomatic and submicroscopic cases pose a challenge during P. malariae outbreaks and that PCR is a valuable tool for their identification. 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| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Adolescents Adults Age groups Asymptomatic Biology and Life Sciences Blood Carrier state (Communicable diseases) Children DNA Epidemics Females Health aspects Human diseases Identification Infections Insecticides Laboratories Malaria Malaysia Males Medicine and Health Sciences Microscopy Mosquitoes Nucleotide sequence Outbreaks Parasites PCR People and Places Plasmodium malariae Polymerase chain reaction Public health Questionnaires Statistical analysis Statistics Surveying Tropical diseases Vector-borne diseases Villages |
| title | High incidence of asymptomatic cases during an outbreak of Plasmodium malariae in a remote village of Malaysian Borneo |
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