Environmental impacts, water footprint and cumulative energy demand of match industry in Pakistan
A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for the matchsticks industry in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan to quantify environmental footprint, water footprint, cumulative energy use, and to identify improvement opportunities in the matchsticks manufacturing process. One c...
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| creator | Ullah, Najeeb Bano, Syeda Asma Habiba, Ume Sabir, Maimoona Akhtar, Andleeb Ramzan, Samreen Shoukat, Ayesha Israr, Muhammad Shah, Sher Nizami, Syed Moazzam Hussain, Majid |
| description | A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for the matchsticks industry in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan to quantify environmental footprint, water footprint, cumulative energy use, and to identify improvement opportunities in the matchsticks manufacturing process. One carton of matchsticks was used as reference unit for this study. Foreground data was collected from the matchsticks industry through questionnaire surveys, personal meetings, and field measurements. The collected data was transformed into potential environmental impacts through the Centre for Environment Studies (CML) 2000 v.2.05 method present by default in the SimaPro v.9.1 software. Water footprint was calculated using methodology developed by Hoekstra et al., 2012 (water scarcity index) V1.02 and cumulative energy demand by SimaPro v.9.1 software. The results showed that transport of primary material (wood logs), sawn wood for matchsticks, red phosphorous, acrylic varnish, and kerosene fuel oil contributed to the overall environmental impacts. Transport of primary materials and sawn timber for matchsticks contributed significantly to abiotic depletion, global warming, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion, corrosion, human toxicity, and aquatic ecotoxicity effects. The total water footprint for manufacturing one carton of matchsticks was 0.265332 m3, whereas the total cumulative energy demand was 715.860 Mega Joules (MJ), mainly sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels (708.979 MJ). Scenario analysis was also conducted for 20% and 30% reduction in the primary material distance covered by trucks and revealed that reducing direct material transport distances could diminish environmental impacts and energy consumption. Therefore, environmental footprint could be minimized through diverting matchsticks industries freight from indigenous routes to high mobility highways and by promoting industrial forestry close to industrial zones in Pakistan. Many industries did not have emissions control systems, exceeding the permissible limit for emissions established by the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan. Thus, installation of emissions control system could also diminish emissions from match industry in Pakistan. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0251928 |
| format | Article |
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One carton of matchsticks was used as reference unit for this study. Foreground data was collected from the matchsticks industry through questionnaire surveys, personal meetings, and field measurements. The collected data was transformed into potential environmental impacts through the Centre for Environment Studies (CML) 2000 v.2.05 method present by default in the SimaPro v.9.1 software. Water footprint was calculated using methodology developed by Hoekstra et al., 2012 (water scarcity index) V1.02 and cumulative energy demand by SimaPro v.9.1 software. The results showed that transport of primary material (wood logs), sawn wood for matchsticks, red phosphorous, acrylic varnish, and kerosene fuel oil contributed to the overall environmental impacts. Transport of primary materials and sawn timber for matchsticks contributed significantly to abiotic depletion, global warming, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion, corrosion, human toxicity, and aquatic ecotoxicity effects. The total water footprint for manufacturing one carton of matchsticks was 0.265332 m3, whereas the total cumulative energy demand was 715.860 Mega Joules (MJ), mainly sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels (708.979 MJ). Scenario analysis was also conducted for 20% and 30% reduction in the primary material distance covered by trucks and revealed that reducing direct material transport distances could diminish environmental impacts and energy consumption. Therefore, environmental footprint could be minimized through diverting matchsticks industries freight from indigenous routes to high mobility highways and by promoting industrial forestry close to industrial zones in Pakistan. Many industries did not have emissions control systems, exceeding the permissible limit for emissions established by the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan. Thus, installation of emissions control system could also diminish emissions from match industry in Pakistan.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251928</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34015005</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Acidification ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Chemicals ; Churches ; Cigarettes ; Climate change ; Consumption ; Cooking ; Earth Sciences ; Ecological footprint ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Emission analysis ; Energy ; Energy consumption ; Energy demand ; Engineering and Technology ; Environment ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental impact ; Eutrophication ; Footprint analysis ; Global warming ; Inventory ; Kerosene ; Manufacturing ; Manufacturing industry ; Matches ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mosques ; Oxidation ; Ozone ; Ozone depletion ; Photochemicals ; Physical Sciences ; Potassium ; Raw materials ; Resource depletion ; Rural areas ; Smoking ; Soil water ; Stoves ; Sulfur ; Supply chains ; Temples ; Terrestrial environments ; Toxicity ; Water consumption ; Water pollution ; Water pollution effects ; Water use ; Wildlife management</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-05, Vol.16 (5), p.e0251928</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Ullah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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One carton of matchsticks was used as reference unit for this study. Foreground data was collected from the matchsticks industry through questionnaire surveys, personal meetings, and field measurements. The collected data was transformed into potential environmental impacts through the Centre for Environment Studies (CML) 2000 v.2.05 method present by default in the SimaPro v.9.1 software. Water footprint was calculated using methodology developed by Hoekstra et al., 2012 (water scarcity index) V1.02 and cumulative energy demand by SimaPro v.9.1 software. The results showed that transport of primary material (wood logs), sawn wood for matchsticks, red phosphorous, acrylic varnish, and kerosene fuel oil contributed to the overall environmental impacts. Transport of primary materials and sawn timber for matchsticks contributed significantly to abiotic depletion, global warming, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion, corrosion, human toxicity, and aquatic ecotoxicity effects. The total water footprint for manufacturing one carton of matchsticks was 0.265332 m3, whereas the total cumulative energy demand was 715.860 Mega Joules (MJ), mainly sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels (708.979 MJ). Scenario analysis was also conducted for 20% and 30% reduction in the primary material distance covered by trucks and revealed that reducing direct material transport distances could diminish environmental impacts and energy consumption. Therefore, environmental footprint could be minimized through diverting matchsticks industries freight from indigenous routes to high mobility highways and by promoting industrial forestry close to industrial zones in Pakistan. Many industries did not have emissions control systems, exceeding the permissible limit for emissions established by the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan. Thus, installation of emissions control system could also diminish emissions from match industry in Pakistan.</description><subject>Acidification</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Chemicals</subject><subject>Churches</subject><subject>Cigarettes</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Consumption</subject><subject>Cooking</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecological footprint</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Emission analysis</subject><subject>Energy</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Energy demand</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Eutrophication</subject><subject>Footprint analysis</subject><subject>Global warming</subject><subject>Inventory</subject><subject>Kerosene</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Manufacturing 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province of Pakistan to quantify environmental footprint, water footprint, cumulative energy use, and to identify improvement opportunities in the matchsticks manufacturing process. One carton of matchsticks was used as reference unit for this study. Foreground data was collected from the matchsticks industry through questionnaire surveys, personal meetings, and field measurements. The collected data was transformed into potential environmental impacts through the Centre for Environment Studies (CML) 2000 v.2.05 method present by default in the SimaPro v.9.1 software. Water footprint was calculated using methodology developed by Hoekstra et al., 2012 (water scarcity index) V1.02 and cumulative energy demand by SimaPro v.9.1 software. The results showed that transport of primary material (wood logs), sawn wood for matchsticks, red phosphorous, acrylic varnish, and kerosene fuel oil contributed to the overall environmental impacts. Transport of primary materials and sawn timber for matchsticks contributed significantly to abiotic depletion, global warming, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion, corrosion, human toxicity, and aquatic ecotoxicity effects. The total water footprint for manufacturing one carton of matchsticks was 0.265332 m3, whereas the total cumulative energy demand was 715.860 Mega Joules (MJ), mainly sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels (708.979 MJ). Scenario analysis was also conducted for 20% and 30% reduction in the primary material distance covered by trucks and revealed that reducing direct material transport distances could diminish environmental impacts and energy consumption. Therefore, environmental footprint could be minimized through diverting matchsticks industries freight from indigenous routes to high mobility highways and by promoting industrial forestry close to industrial zones in Pakistan. Many industries did not have emissions control systems, exceeding the permissible limit for emissions established by the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan. Thus, installation of emissions control system could also diminish emissions from match industry in Pakistan.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34015005</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0251928</doi><tpages>e0251928</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7630-0400</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-9642</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2021-05, Vol.16 (5), p.e0251928 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2529908457 |
| source | DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Acidification Biology and Life Sciences Chemicals Churches Cigarettes Climate change Consumption Cooking Earth Sciences Ecological footprint Ecology and Environmental Sciences Emission analysis Energy Energy consumption Energy demand Engineering and Technology Environment Environmental aspects Environmental impact Eutrophication Footprint analysis Global warming Inventory Kerosene Manufacturing Manufacturing industry Matches Medicine and Health Sciences Mosques Oxidation Ozone Ozone depletion Photochemicals Physical Sciences Potassium Raw materials Resource depletion Rural areas Smoking Soil water Stoves Sulfur Supply chains Temples Terrestrial environments Toxicity Water consumption Water pollution Water pollution effects Water use Wildlife management |
| title | Environmental impacts, water footprint and cumulative energy demand of match industry in Pakistan |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-12T00%3A34%3A58IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Environmental%20impacts,%20water%20footprint%20and%20cumulative%20energy%20demand%20of%20match%20industry%20in%20Pakistan&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Ullah,%20Najeeb&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=e0251928&rft.pages=e0251928-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0251928&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA662418827%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2529908457&rft_id=info:pmid/34015005&rft_galeid=A662418827&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_04e9bbf1cea64c80a678373eb0ee03db&rfr_iscdi=true |