Conservation genetics of the threatened plant species Physaria filiformis (Missouri bladderpod) reveals strong genetic structure and a possible cryptic species
Understanding genetic diversity and structure in a rare species is critical for prioritizing both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. One such rare species is Physaria filiformis (Brassicaceae), a threatened, winter annual plant species. The species has a naturally fragmented distribution, occ...
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| creator | Edwards, Christine E Tessier, Brooke C Swift, Joel F Bassüner, Burgund Linan, Alexander G Albrecht, Matthew A Yatskievych, George A |
| description | Understanding genetic diversity and structure in a rare species is critical for prioritizing both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. One such rare species is Physaria filiformis (Brassicaceae), a threatened, winter annual plant species. The species has a naturally fragmented distribution, occupying three different soil types spread across four disjunct geographical locations in Missouri and Arkansas. The goals of this study were to understand: (1) whether factors associated with fragmentation and small population size (i.e., inbreeding, genetic drift or genetic bottlenecks) have reduced levels of genetic diversity, (2) how genetic variation is structured and which factors have influenced genetic structure, and (3) how much extant genetic variation of P. filiformis is currently publicly protected and the implications for the development of conservation strategies to protect its genetic diversity. Using 16 microsatellite markers, we genotyped individuals from 20 populations of P. filiformis from across its geographical range and one population of Physaria gracilis for comparison and analyzed genetic diversity and structure. Populations of P. filiformis showed comparable levels of genetic diversity to its congener, except a single population in northwest Arkansas showed evidence of a genetic bottleneck and two populations in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas showed lower genetic variation, consistent with genetic drift. Populations showed isolation by distance, indicating that migration is geographically limited, and analyses of genetic structure grouped individuals into seven geographically structured genetic clusters, with geographic location/spatial separation showing a strong influence on genetic structure. At least one population is protected for all genetic clusters except one in north-central Arkansas, which should therefore be prioritized for protection. Populations in the Ouachita Mountains were genetically divergent from the rest of P. filiformis; future morphological analyses are needed to identify whether it merits recognition as a new, extremely rare species. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0247586 |
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One such rare species is Physaria filiformis (Brassicaceae), a threatened, winter annual plant species. The species has a naturally fragmented distribution, occupying three different soil types spread across four disjunct geographical locations in Missouri and Arkansas. The goals of this study were to understand: (1) whether factors associated with fragmentation and small population size (i.e., inbreeding, genetic drift or genetic bottlenecks) have reduced levels of genetic diversity, (2) how genetic variation is structured and which factors have influenced genetic structure, and (3) how much extant genetic variation of P. filiformis is currently publicly protected and the implications for the development of conservation strategies to protect its genetic diversity. Using 16 microsatellite markers, we genotyped individuals from 20 populations of P. filiformis from across its geographical range and one population of Physaria gracilis for comparison and analyzed genetic diversity and structure. Populations of P. filiformis showed comparable levels of genetic diversity to its congener, except a single population in northwest Arkansas showed evidence of a genetic bottleneck and two populations in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas showed lower genetic variation, consistent with genetic drift. Populations showed isolation by distance, indicating that migration is geographically limited, and analyses of genetic structure grouped individuals into seven geographically structured genetic clusters, with geographic location/spatial separation showing a strong influence on genetic structure. At least one population is protected for all genetic clusters except one in north-central Arkansas, which should therefore be prioritized for protection. Populations in the Ouachita Mountains were genetically divergent from the rest of P. filiformis; future morphological analyses are needed to identify whether it merits recognition as a new, extremely rare species.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247586</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33705416</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Analysis ; Anthropogenic factors ; Arkansas ; Biodiversity ; Biology ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Botanical gardens ; Brassicaceae - genetics ; Climatic conditions ; Conservation ; Conservation genetics ; Conservation of Natural Resources - methods ; Cruciferae ; Cryptic species ; Data analysis ; DNA, Plant - genetics ; Earth Sciences ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Editing ; Endangered & extinct species ; Endangered Species ; Flowers & plants ; Funding ; Gene Flow ; Genetic aspects ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic structure ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics ; Genome, Plant ; Genotype ; Inbreeding ; Life cycle analysis ; Life history ; Methodology ; Microsatellite Repeats - genetics ; Missouri ; Molecular biology ; People and places ; Plant resources ; Plant species ; Population genetics ; Population number ; Populations ; Rare species ; Reviews ; Sustainable development ; Threatened species ; Visualization ; Wildlife conservation</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-03, Vol.16 (3), p.e0247586-e0247586</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Edwards et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Edwards et al 2021 Edwards et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-af9822faa9fb203f90f58d30588a120cc038764b4762eb3965c7150a95af34ba3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-af9822faa9fb203f90f58d30588a120cc038764b4762eb3965c7150a95af34ba3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8837-4872</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7951829/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7951829/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33705416$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Edwards, Christine E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tessier, Brooke C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swift, Joel F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bassüner, Burgund</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Linan, Alexander G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albrecht, Matthew A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yatskievych, George A</creatorcontrib><title>Conservation genetics of the threatened plant species Physaria filiformis (Missouri bladderpod) reveals strong genetic structure and a possible cryptic species</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Understanding genetic diversity and structure in a rare species is critical for prioritizing both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. One such rare species is Physaria filiformis (Brassicaceae), a threatened, winter annual plant species. The species has a naturally fragmented distribution, occupying three different soil types spread across four disjunct geographical locations in Missouri and Arkansas. The goals of this study were to understand: (1) whether factors associated with fragmentation and small population size (i.e., inbreeding, genetic drift or genetic bottlenecks) have reduced levels of genetic diversity, (2) how genetic variation is structured and which factors have influenced genetic structure, and (3) how much extant genetic variation of P. filiformis is currently publicly protected and the implications for the development of conservation strategies to protect its genetic diversity. Using 16 microsatellite markers, we genotyped individuals from 20 populations of P. filiformis from across its geographical range and one population of Physaria gracilis for comparison and analyzed genetic diversity and structure. Populations of P. filiformis showed comparable levels of genetic diversity to its congener, except a single population in northwest Arkansas showed evidence of a genetic bottleneck and two populations in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas showed lower genetic variation, consistent with genetic drift. Populations showed isolation by distance, indicating that migration is geographically limited, and analyses of genetic structure grouped individuals into seven geographically structured genetic clusters, with geographic location/spatial separation showing a strong influence on genetic structure. At least one population is protected for all genetic clusters except one in north-central Arkansas, which should therefore be prioritized for protection. Populations in the Ouachita Mountains were genetically divergent from the rest of P. filiformis; future morphological analyses are needed to identify whether it merits recognition as a new, extremely rare species.</description><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Anthropogenic factors</subject><subject>Arkansas</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biology</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Botanical gardens</subject><subject>Brassicaceae - genetics</subject><subject>Climatic conditions</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Conservation genetics</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources - methods</subject><subject>Cruciferae</subject><subject>Cryptic species</subject><subject>Data analysis</subject><subject>DNA, Plant - genetics</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Editing</subject><subject>Endangered & extinct species</subject><subject>Endangered Species</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>Funding</subject><subject>Gene Flow</subject><subject>Genetic aspects</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Genetic Drift</subject><subject>Genetic structure</subject><subject>Genetic Variation</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Genome, Plant</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Inbreeding</subject><subject>Life cycle analysis</subject><subject>Life history</subject><subject>Methodology</subject><subject>Microsatellite Repeats - genetics</subject><subject>Missouri</subject><subject>Molecular biology</subject><subject>People and places</subject><subject>Plant resources</subject><subject>Plant species</subject><subject>Population genetics</subject><subject>Population number</subject><subject>Populations</subject><subject>Rare species</subject><subject>Reviews</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><subject>Threatened species</subject><subject>Visualization</subject><subject>Wildlife conservation</subject><issn>1932-6203</issn><issn>1932-6203</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUt1u0zAYjRCIbYU3QGCJm3HR4sSxk9xMmioGk4bgAq6tz87n1lUaBzup1KfhVXHadFrRFFnxzznn-ztJ8i6li5QV6eeNG3wLzaJzLS5olhe8FC-Sy7Ri2VxklL18sr9IrkLYUMpZKcTr5IKxgvI8FZfJ36VrA_od9Na1ZIUt9lYH4gzp1xiXR-jjZU26BtqehA61xUB-rvcBvAVibGON81sbyPV3G0JMyhLVQF2j71z9iXjcITSBhN67dnWKMB4H3Q8eCbQ1AdK5EKxqkGi_7w6AY6Q3ySsT6fh2-s-S33dffi2_zR9-fL1f3j7MNa9YPwdTlVlmACqjYr2mooaXNaO8LCHNqNaUlYXIVV6IDBWrBNdFyilUHAzLFbBZ8uGo2zUuyKm3QWacUiYKFjs5S-6PiNrBRnbebsHvpQMrDxfOryT4mHmDsgJd8lTp3AiRo1KqiklhPJm6UKBGrZsp2qC2WGtsew_Nmej5S2vXcuV2sqh4WmajwPUk4N2fAUMv4wQ0NnFI6IZD3mkmxvIj9ON_0Oerm1AriAXY1rgYV4-i8lbwXDDOaR5Ri2dQ8atxa3U0YrQDnhPyI0H7OGCP5rHGlMrRxqdk5GhjOdk40t4_7c8j6eRb9g9LGfPr</recordid><startdate>20210311</startdate><enddate>20210311</enddate><creator>Edwards, Christine E</creator><creator>Tessier, Brooke C</creator><creator>Swift, Joel F</creator><creator>Bassüner, Burgund</creator><creator>Linan, Alexander G</creator><creator>Albrecht, Matthew A</creator><creator>Yatskievych, George A</creator><general>Public Library of Science</general><general>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8837-4872</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210311</creationdate><title>Conservation genetics of the threatened plant species Physaria filiformis (Missouri bladderpod) reveals strong genetic structure and a possible cryptic species</title><author>Edwards, Christine E ; Tessier, Brooke C ; Swift, Joel F ; Bassüner, Burgund ; Linan, Alexander G ; Albrecht, Matthew A ; Yatskievych, George A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c593t-af9822faa9fb203f90f58d30588a120cc038764b4762eb3965c7150a95af34ba3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Anthropogenic factors</topic><topic>Arkansas</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biology</topic><topic>Biology and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Botanical gardens</topic><topic>Brassicaceae - genetics</topic><topic>Climatic conditions</topic><topic>Conservation</topic><topic>Conservation genetics</topic><topic>Conservation of Natural Resources - methods</topic><topic>Cruciferae</topic><topic>Cryptic species</topic><topic>Data analysis</topic><topic>DNA, Plant - genetics</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</topic><topic>Editing</topic><topic>Endangered & extinct species</topic><topic>Endangered Species</topic><topic>Flowers & plants</topic><topic>Funding</topic><topic>Gene Flow</topic><topic>Genetic aspects</topic><topic>Genetic diversity</topic><topic>Genetic Drift</topic><topic>Genetic structure</topic><topic>Genetic Variation</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Genome, Plant</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Inbreeding</topic><topic>Life cycle analysis</topic><topic>Life history</topic><topic>Methodology</topic><topic>Microsatellite Repeats - genetics</topic><topic>Missouri</topic><topic>Molecular biology</topic><topic>People and places</topic><topic>Plant resources</topic><topic>Plant species</topic><topic>Population genetics</topic><topic>Population number</topic><topic>Populations</topic><topic>Rare species</topic><topic>Reviews</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><topic>Threatened species</topic><topic>Visualization</topic><topic>Wildlife conservation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Edwards, Christine E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tessier, Brooke C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swift, Joel F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bassüner, Burgund</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Linan, Alexander G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albrecht, Matthew A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yatskievych, George A</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Journals</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health and Medical</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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One such rare species is Physaria filiformis (Brassicaceae), a threatened, winter annual plant species. The species has a naturally fragmented distribution, occupying three different soil types spread across four disjunct geographical locations in Missouri and Arkansas. The goals of this study were to understand: (1) whether factors associated with fragmentation and small population size (i.e., inbreeding, genetic drift or genetic bottlenecks) have reduced levels of genetic diversity, (2) how genetic variation is structured and which factors have influenced genetic structure, and (3) how much extant genetic variation of P. filiformis is currently publicly protected and the implications for the development of conservation strategies to protect its genetic diversity. Using 16 microsatellite markers, we genotyped individuals from 20 populations of P. filiformis from across its geographical range and one population of Physaria gracilis for comparison and analyzed genetic diversity and structure. Populations of P. filiformis showed comparable levels of genetic diversity to its congener, except a single population in northwest Arkansas showed evidence of a genetic bottleneck and two populations in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas showed lower genetic variation, consistent with genetic drift. Populations showed isolation by distance, indicating that migration is geographically limited, and analyses of genetic structure grouped individuals into seven geographically structured genetic clusters, with geographic location/spatial separation showing a strong influence on genetic structure. At least one population is protected for all genetic clusters except one in north-central Arkansas, which should therefore be prioritized for protection. Populations in the Ouachita Mountains were genetically divergent from the rest of P. filiformis; future morphological analyses are needed to identify whether it merits recognition as a new, extremely rare species.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>33705416</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0247586</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8837-4872</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Analysis Anthropogenic factors Arkansas Biodiversity Biology Biology and Life Sciences Botanical gardens Brassicaceae - genetics Climatic conditions Conservation Conservation genetics Conservation of Natural Resources - methods Cruciferae Cryptic species Data analysis DNA, Plant - genetics Earth Sciences Ecology and Environmental Sciences Editing Endangered & extinct species Endangered Species Flowers & plants Funding Gene Flow Genetic aspects Genetic diversity Genetic Drift Genetic structure Genetic Variation Genetics Genome, Plant Genotype Inbreeding Life cycle analysis Life history Methodology Microsatellite Repeats - genetics Missouri Molecular biology People and places Plant resources Plant species Population genetics Population number Populations Rare species Reviews Sustainable development Threatened species Visualization Wildlife conservation |
| title | Conservation genetics of the threatened plant species Physaria filiformis (Missouri bladderpod) reveals strong genetic structure and a possible cryptic species |
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