Distribution pattern of entry holes of the tree-killing bark beetle Polygraphus proximus
Bark beetles attack their hosts at uniform intervals to avoid intraspecific competition in the phloem. Bark texture and phloem thickness also affect bark beetle attacks, and the bark characteristics are not spatially homogeneous; therefore, the distribution patterns of entry holes can demonstrate an...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2021-02, Vol.16 (2), p.e0246812-e0246812 |
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| creator | Takei, Shin-Ya Köbayashi, Kenta Takagi, Etsuro |
| description | Bark beetles attack their hosts at uniform intervals to avoid intraspecific competition in the phloem. Bark texture and phloem thickness also affect bark beetle attacks, and the bark characteristics are not spatially homogeneous; therefore, the distribution patterns of entry holes can demonstrate an aggregated distribution. Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is a non-aggressive phloephagous bark beetle that feeds on Far Eastern firs. They have caused mass mortality in Russia and Japan. However, the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus and spatial relationships with bark characteristics have not been studied. Thus, we investigated the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus. The distribution of entry holes was significantly uniform in most cases. As the attack density increased, an aggregated distribution pattern within a short distance (< 4.0 cm) was observed. The rough bark had a significantly higher number of entry holes than the remaining bark. The distribution pattern of entry holes demonstrated a significantly aggregated spatial association with rough bark. Finally, rough bark around knots had significantly thicker phloem than the remaining barks. These suggest that P. proximus may preferentially attack rough bark to reproduce in the thicker phloem under a rough bark surface. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0246812 |
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Bark texture and phloem thickness also affect bark beetle attacks, and the bark characteristics are not spatially homogeneous; therefore, the distribution patterns of entry holes can demonstrate an aggregated distribution. Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is a non-aggressive phloephagous bark beetle that feeds on Far Eastern firs. They have caused mass mortality in Russia and Japan. However, the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus and spatial relationships with bark characteristics have not been studied. Thus, we investigated the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus. The distribution of entry holes was significantly uniform in most cases. As the attack density increased, an aggregated distribution pattern within a short distance (< 4.0 cm) was observed. The rough bark had a significantly higher number of entry holes than the remaining bark. The distribution pattern of entry holes demonstrated a significantly aggregated spatial association with rough bark. Finally, rough bark around knots had significantly thicker phloem than the remaining barks. These suggest that P. proximus may preferentially attack rough bark to reproduce in the thicker phloem under a rough bark surface.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246812</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33561182</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animal reproduction ; Bark ; Bark beetles ; Beetles ; Behavior ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Breeding success ; Distribution patterns ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Editing ; Environmental science ; Forests ; Graduate schools ; Graduate studies ; Phloem ; Plant tissues ; Population dynamics ; Reproduction ; Reviews ; Surface roughness ; Tourism ; Trees ; Urban environments ; Visualization ; Woody plants ; Zoological research</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-02, Vol.16 (2), p.e0246812-e0246812</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Takei et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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Bark texture and phloem thickness also affect bark beetle attacks, and the bark characteristics are not spatially homogeneous; therefore, the distribution patterns of entry holes can demonstrate an aggregated distribution. Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is a non-aggressive phloephagous bark beetle that feeds on Far Eastern firs. They have caused mass mortality in Russia and Japan. However, the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus and spatial relationships with bark characteristics have not been studied. Thus, we investigated the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus. The distribution of entry holes was significantly uniform in most cases. As the attack density increased, an aggregated distribution pattern within a short distance (< 4.0 cm) was observed. The rough bark had a significantly higher number of entry holes than the remaining bark. The distribution pattern of entry holes demonstrated a significantly aggregated spatial association with rough bark. Finally, rough bark around knots had significantly thicker phloem than the remaining barks. These suggest that P. proximus may preferentially attack rough bark to reproduce in the thicker phloem under a rough bark surface.</description><subject>Animal reproduction</subject><subject>Bark</subject><subject>Bark beetles</subject><subject>Beetles</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Breeding success</subject><subject>Distribution patterns</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Editing</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Graduate schools</subject><subject>Graduate studies</subject><subject>Phloem</subject><subject>Plant tissues</subject><subject>Population dynamics</subject><subject>Reproduction</subject><subject>Reviews</subject><subject>Surface roughness</subject><subject>Tourism</subject><subject>Trees</subject><subject>Urban environments</subject><subject>Visualization</subject><subject>Woody plants</subject><subject>Zoological 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Takei, Shin-Ya</au><au>Köbayashi, Kenta</au><au>Takagi, Etsuro</au><au>Mankin, Richard</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Distribution pattern of entry holes of the tree-killing bark beetle Polygraphus proximus</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2021-02-09</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>e0246812</spage><epage>e0246812</epage><pages>e0246812-e0246812</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Bark beetles attack their hosts at uniform intervals to avoid intraspecific competition in the phloem. Bark texture and phloem thickness also affect bark beetle attacks, and the bark characteristics are not spatially homogeneous; therefore, the distribution patterns of entry holes can demonstrate an aggregated distribution. Polygraphus proximus Blandford (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) is a non-aggressive phloephagous bark beetle that feeds on Far Eastern firs. They have caused mass mortality in Russia and Japan. However, the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus and spatial relationships with bark characteristics have not been studied. Thus, we investigated the distribution pattern of entry holes of P. proximus. The distribution of entry holes was significantly uniform in most cases. As the attack density increased, an aggregated distribution pattern within a short distance (< 4.0 cm) was observed. The rough bark had a significantly higher number of entry holes than the remaining bark. The distribution pattern of entry holes demonstrated a significantly aggregated spatial association with rough bark. Finally, rough bark around knots had significantly thicker phloem than the remaining barks. These suggest that P. proximus may preferentially attack rough bark to reproduce in the thicker phloem under a rough bark surface.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>33561182</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0246812</doi><tpages>e0246812</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4006-4853</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animal reproduction Bark Bark beetles Beetles Behavior Biology and Life Sciences Breeding success Distribution patterns Ecology and Environmental Sciences Editing Environmental science Forests Graduate schools Graduate studies Phloem Plant tissues Population dynamics Reproduction Reviews Surface roughness Tourism Trees Urban environments Visualization Woody plants Zoological research |
| title | Distribution pattern of entry holes of the tree-killing bark beetle Polygraphus proximus |
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