The complex interplay of climate, TBEV vector dynamics and TBEV infection rates in ticks-Monitoring a natural TBEV focus in Germany, 2009-2018
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important tick-borne viral disease in Eurasia and causes disease in humans and in a number of animals, among them dogs and horses. There is still no good correlation between tick numbers, weather conditions and human cases. There is the hypothesis that co-fe...
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| description | Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important tick-borne viral disease in Eurasia and causes disease in humans and in a number of animals, among them dogs and horses. There is still no good correlation between tick numbers, weather conditions and human cases. There is the hypothesis that co-feeding due to simultaneous occurrence of larvae and nymphs may be a factor for the increased transmission of the virus in nature and for human disease. Based on long-term data from a natural TBEV focus, phylogenetic results and meteorological data we sought to challenge this hypothesis.
Ticks from an identified TBE natural focus were sampled monthly from 04/2009 to 12/2018. Ticks were identified and pooled. Pools were tested by RT-qPCR. Positive pools were confirmed by virus isolation and/or sequencing of additional genes (E gene, NS2 gene). Temperature data such as the decadal (10-day) mean daily maximum air temperature (DMDMAT) were obtained from a nearby weather station and statistical correlations between tick occurrence and minimal infection rates (MIR) were calculated.
In the study period from 04/2009 to 12/2018 a total of 15,530 ticks (2,226 females, 2,268 males, 11,036 nymphs) were collected. The overall MIR in nymphs over the whole period was 77/15,530 (0.49%), ranging from 0.09% (2009) to 1.36% (2015). The overall MIR of female ticks was 0.76% (17/2,226 ticks), range 0.14% (2013) to 3.59% (2016). The overall MIR of males was 0.57% (13/2,268 ticks), range from 0.26% (2009) to 0.97% (2015). The number of nymphs was statistically associated with a later start of spring/vegetation period, indicated by the onset of forsythia flowering.
There was no particular correlation between DMDMAT dynamics in spring and/or autumn and the MIR of nymphs or adult ticks detected. However, there was a positive correlation between the number of nymphs and the number of reported human TBE cases in the following months, but not in the following year. The hypothesis of the importance of co-feeding of larvae and nymphs for the maintenance of transmission cycle of TBEV in nature is not supported by our findings. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0244668 |
| format | Article |
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Ticks from an identified TBE natural focus were sampled monthly from 04/2009 to 12/2018. Ticks were identified and pooled. Pools were tested by RT-qPCR. Positive pools were confirmed by virus isolation and/or sequencing of additional genes (E gene, NS2 gene). Temperature data such as the decadal (10-day) mean daily maximum air temperature (DMDMAT) were obtained from a nearby weather station and statistical correlations between tick occurrence and minimal infection rates (MIR) were calculated.
In the study period from 04/2009 to 12/2018 a total of 15,530 ticks (2,226 females, 2,268 males, 11,036 nymphs) were collected. The overall MIR in nymphs over the whole period was 77/15,530 (0.49%), ranging from 0.09% (2009) to 1.36% (2015). The overall MIR of female ticks was 0.76% (17/2,226 ticks), range 0.14% (2013) to 3.59% (2016). The overall MIR of males was 0.57% (13/2,268 ticks), range from 0.26% (2009) to 0.97% (2015). The number of nymphs was statistically associated with a later start of spring/vegetation period, indicated by the onset of forsythia flowering.
There was no particular correlation between DMDMAT dynamics in spring and/or autumn and the MIR of nymphs or adult ticks detected. However, there was a positive correlation between the number of nymphs and the number of reported human TBE cases in the following months, but not in the following year. The hypothesis of the importance of co-feeding of larvae and nymphs for the maintenance of transmission cycle of TBEV in nature is not supported by our findings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244668</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33411799</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Air temperature ; Animals ; Arachnid Vectors - virology ; Arachnids ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Biometeorology ; Biometrics ; Climate ; Correlation ; Disease ; Distribution ; E protein ; Earth Sciences ; Encephalitis ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - epidemiology ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - virology ; Environmental aspects ; Flowering ; Gene sequencing ; Germany - epidemiology ; Horses ; Humans ; Hypotheses ; Incidence ; Infections ; Ixodes - virology ; Laboratories ; Larvae ; Males ; Medicine ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Meteorological data ; Nymph - virology ; Nymphs ; Open access publishing ; Parasitology ; People and places ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Pools ; Population Dynamics ; Proteins ; Risk factors ; Seasons ; Small mammals ; Spring ; Spring (season) ; Temperature ; Temperature data ; Tick-borne encephalitis ; Ticks ; Viral diseases ; Viruses ; Weather ; Weather conditions ; Weather stations</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2021-01, Vol.16 (1), p.e0244668-e0244668</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2021 Borde et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 Borde et al 2021 Borde et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-37afe820028ccdcea2e6f65505b4b546ed50242274fdcba1a77de8c6450051a93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-37afe820028ccdcea2e6f65505b4b546ed50242274fdcba1a77de8c6450051a93</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1175-4778</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790265/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790265/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,2100,2926,23865,27923,27924,53790,53792,79371,79372</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33411799$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Forrester, Naomi</contributor><creatorcontrib>Borde, Johannes P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaier, Klaus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hehn, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matzarakis, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frey, Stefan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bestehorn, Malena</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dobler, Gerhard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chitimia-Dobler, Lidia</creatorcontrib><title>The complex interplay of climate, TBEV vector dynamics and TBEV infection rates in ticks-Monitoring a natural TBEV focus in Germany, 2009-2018</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important tick-borne viral disease in Eurasia and causes disease in humans and in a number of animals, among them dogs and horses. There is still no good correlation between tick numbers, weather conditions and human cases. There is the hypothesis that co-feeding due to simultaneous occurrence of larvae and nymphs may be a factor for the increased transmission of the virus in nature and for human disease. Based on long-term data from a natural TBEV focus, phylogenetic results and meteorological data we sought to challenge this hypothesis.
Ticks from an identified TBE natural focus were sampled monthly from 04/2009 to 12/2018. Ticks were identified and pooled. Pools were tested by RT-qPCR. Positive pools were confirmed by virus isolation and/or sequencing of additional genes (E gene, NS2 gene). Temperature data such as the decadal (10-day) mean daily maximum air temperature (DMDMAT) were obtained from a nearby weather station and statistical correlations between tick occurrence and minimal infection rates (MIR) were calculated.
In the study period from 04/2009 to 12/2018 a total of 15,530 ticks (2,226 females, 2,268 males, 11,036 nymphs) were collected. The overall MIR in nymphs over the whole period was 77/15,530 (0.49%), ranging from 0.09% (2009) to 1.36% (2015). The overall MIR of female ticks was 0.76% (17/2,226 ticks), range 0.14% (2013) to 3.59% (2016). The overall MIR of males was 0.57% (13/2,268 ticks), range from 0.26% (2009) to 0.97% (2015). The number of nymphs was statistically associated with a later start of spring/vegetation period, indicated by the onset of forsythia flowering.
There was no particular correlation between DMDMAT dynamics in spring and/or autumn and the MIR of nymphs or adult ticks detected. However, there was a positive correlation between the number of nymphs and the number of reported human TBE cases in the following months, but not in the following year. The hypothesis of the importance of co-feeding of larvae and nymphs for the maintenance of transmission cycle of TBEV in nature is not supported by our findings.</description><subject>Air temperature</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Arachnid Vectors - virology</subject><subject>Arachnids</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biometeorology</subject><subject>Biometrics</subject><subject>Climate</subject><subject>Correlation</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Distribution</subject><subject>E protein</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Encephalitis</subject><subject>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - epidemiology</subject><subject>Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - virology</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Flowering</subject><subject>Gene sequencing</subject><subject>Germany - epidemiology</subject><subject>Horses</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypotheses</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Ixodes - virology</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Larvae</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Meteorological data</subject><subject>Nymph - virology</subject><subject>Nymphs</subject><subject>Open access publishing</subject><subject>Parasitology</subject><subject>People and places</subject><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Pools</subject><subject>Population Dynamics</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Seasons</subject><subject>Small mammals</subject><subject>Spring</subject><subject>Spring (season)</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Temperature data</subject><subject>Tick-borne encephalitis</subject><subject>Ticks</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>Weather</subject><subject>Weather conditions</subject><subject>Weather 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One</addtitle><date>2021-01-07</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>e0244668</spage><epage>e0244668</epage><pages>e0244668-e0244668</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most important tick-borne viral disease in Eurasia and causes disease in humans and in a number of animals, among them dogs and horses. There is still no good correlation between tick numbers, weather conditions and human cases. There is the hypothesis that co-feeding due to simultaneous occurrence of larvae and nymphs may be a factor for the increased transmission of the virus in nature and for human disease. Based on long-term data from a natural TBEV focus, phylogenetic results and meteorological data we sought to challenge this hypothesis.
Ticks from an identified TBE natural focus were sampled monthly from 04/2009 to 12/2018. Ticks were identified and pooled. Pools were tested by RT-qPCR. Positive pools were confirmed by virus isolation and/or sequencing of additional genes (E gene, NS2 gene). Temperature data such as the decadal (10-day) mean daily maximum air temperature (DMDMAT) were obtained from a nearby weather station and statistical correlations between tick occurrence and minimal infection rates (MIR) were calculated.
In the study period from 04/2009 to 12/2018 a total of 15,530 ticks (2,226 females, 2,268 males, 11,036 nymphs) were collected. The overall MIR in nymphs over the whole period was 77/15,530 (0.49%), ranging from 0.09% (2009) to 1.36% (2015). The overall MIR of female ticks was 0.76% (17/2,226 ticks), range 0.14% (2013) to 3.59% (2016). The overall MIR of males was 0.57% (13/2,268 ticks), range from 0.26% (2009) to 0.97% (2015). The number of nymphs was statistically associated with a later start of spring/vegetation period, indicated by the onset of forsythia flowering.
There was no particular correlation between DMDMAT dynamics in spring and/or autumn and the MIR of nymphs or adult ticks detected. However, there was a positive correlation between the number of nymphs and the number of reported human TBE cases in the following months, but not in the following year. The hypothesis of the importance of co-feeding of larvae and nymphs for the maintenance of transmission cycle of TBEV in nature is not supported by our findings.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>33411799</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0244668</doi><tpages>e0244668</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1175-4778</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2021-01, Vol.16 (1), p.e0244668-e0244668 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2476219393 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS); PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Air temperature Animals Arachnid Vectors - virology Arachnids Biology and Life Sciences Biometeorology Biometrics Climate Correlation Disease Distribution E protein Earth Sciences Encephalitis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - epidemiology Encephalitis, Tick-Borne - virology Environmental aspects Flowering Gene sequencing Germany - epidemiology Horses Humans Hypotheses Incidence Infections Ixodes - virology Laboratories Larvae Males Medicine Medicine and Health Sciences Meteorological data Nymph - virology Nymphs Open access publishing Parasitology People and places Phylogenetics Phylogeny Polymerase chain reaction Pools Population Dynamics Proteins Risk factors Seasons Small mammals Spring Spring (season) Temperature Temperature data Tick-borne encephalitis Ticks Viral diseases Viruses Weather Weather conditions Weather stations |
| title | The complex interplay of climate, TBEV vector dynamics and TBEV infection rates in ticks-Monitoring a natural TBEV focus in Germany, 2009-2018 |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-11T20%3A42%3A17IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20complex%20interplay%20of%20climate,%20TBEV%20vector%20dynamics%20and%20TBEV%20infection%20rates%20in%20ticks-Monitoring%20a%20natural%20TBEV%20focus%20in%20Germany,%202009-2018&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Borde,%20Johannes%20P&rft.date=2021-01-07&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=e0244668&rft.epage=e0244668&rft.pages=e0244668-e0244668&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0244668&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA650815092%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2476219393&rft_id=info:pmid/33411799&rft_galeid=A650815092&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_34120f99b5a142b685dbc0a0d0ace63e&rfr_iscdi=true |