Factors influencing the performance of community health workers: A qualitative study of Anganwadi Workers from Bihar, India
Globally, there remain significant knowledge and evidence gaps around how to support Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes to achieve high coverage and quality of interventions. India's Integrated Child Development Services scheme employs the largest CHW cadre in the world-Anganwadi Workers...
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| description | Globally, there remain significant knowledge and evidence gaps around how to support Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes to achieve high coverage and quality of interventions. India's Integrated Child Development Services scheme employs the largest CHW cadre in the world-Anganwadi Workers (AWWs). However, factors influencing the performance of these workers remain under researched. Lessons from it have potential to impact on other large scale global CHW programmes. A qualitative study of AWWs in the Indian state of Bihar was conducted to identify key drivers of performance in 2015. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 AWWs; data was analysed using both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. The study adapted and contextualised existing frameworks on CHW performance, finding that factors affecting performance occur at the individual, community, programme and organisational levels, including factors not previously identified in the literature. Individual factors include initial financial motives and family support; programme factors include beneficiaries' and AWWs' service preferences and work environment; community factors include caste dynamics and community and seasonal migration; and organisational factors include corruption. The initial motives of the worker (the need to retain a job for family financial needs) and community expectations (for product-oriented services) ensure continued efforts even when her motivation is low. The main constraints to performance remain factors outside of her control, including limited availability of programme resources and challenging relationships shaped by caste dynamics, seasonal migration, and corruption. Programme efforts to improve performance (such as incentives, working conditions and supportive management) need to consider these complex, inter-related multiple determinants of performance. Our findings, including new factors, contribute to the global literature on factors affecting the performance of CHWs and have wide application. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0242460 |
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India's Integrated Child Development Services scheme employs the largest CHW cadre in the world-Anganwadi Workers (AWWs). However, factors influencing the performance of these workers remain under researched. Lessons from it have potential to impact on other large scale global CHW programmes. A qualitative study of AWWs in the Indian state of Bihar was conducted to identify key drivers of performance in 2015. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 AWWs; data was analysed using both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. The study adapted and contextualised existing frameworks on CHW performance, finding that factors affecting performance occur at the individual, community, programme and organisational levels, including factors not previously identified in the literature. Individual factors include initial financial motives and family support; programme factors include beneficiaries' and AWWs' service preferences and work environment; community factors include caste dynamics and community and seasonal migration; and organisational factors include corruption. The initial motives of the worker (the need to retain a job for family financial needs) and community expectations (for product-oriented services) ensure continued efforts even when her motivation is low. The main constraints to performance remain factors outside of her control, including limited availability of programme resources and challenging relationships shaped by caste dynamics, seasonal migration, and corruption. Programme efforts to improve performance (such as incentives, working conditions and supportive management) need to consider these complex, inter-related multiple determinants of performance. 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Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>John, Aparna</au><au>Nisbett, Nicholas</au><au>Barnett, Inka</au><au>Avula, Rasmi</au><au>Menon, Purnima</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Factors influencing the performance of community health workers: A qualitative study of Anganwadi Workers from Bihar, India</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-11-25</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>e0242460</spage><epage>e0242460</epage><pages>e0242460-e0242460</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Globally, there remain significant knowledge and evidence gaps around how to support Community Health Worker (CHW) programmes to achieve high coverage and quality of interventions. India's Integrated Child Development Services scheme employs the largest CHW cadre in the world-Anganwadi Workers (AWWs). However, factors influencing the performance of these workers remain under researched. Lessons from it have potential to impact on other large scale global CHW programmes. A qualitative study of AWWs in the Indian state of Bihar was conducted to identify key drivers of performance in 2015. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 AWWs; data was analysed using both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. The study adapted and contextualised existing frameworks on CHW performance, finding that factors affecting performance occur at the individual, community, programme and organisational levels, including factors not previously identified in the literature. Individual factors include initial financial motives and family support; programme factors include beneficiaries' and AWWs' service preferences and work environment; community factors include caste dynamics and community and seasonal migration; and organisational factors include corruption. The initial motives of the worker (the need to retain a job for family financial needs) and community expectations (for product-oriented services) ensure continued efforts even when her motivation is low. The main constraints to performance remain factors outside of her control, including limited availability of programme resources and challenging relationships shaped by caste dynamics, seasonal migration, and corruption. Programme efforts to improve performance (such as incentives, working conditions and supportive management) need to consider these complex, inter-related multiple determinants of performance. Our findings, including new factors, contribute to the global literature on factors affecting the performance of CHWs and have wide application.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>33237939</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0242460</doi><tpages>e0242460</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0066-6964</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4293-3760</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Attitude of Health Personnel Beneficiaries Biology and Life Sciences Community health aides Community Health Workers - economics Community Health Workers - psychology Community Health Workers - statistics & numerical data Corruption Delivery of Health Care - organization & administration Education Educational Status Efficiency Employee performance Evaluation Female Food Fraud Humans Incentives India Interviews as Topic Maternal & child health Maternal-Child Health Centers - statistics & numerical data Maternal-Child Health Services - economics Maternal-Child Health Services - organization & administration Maternal-Child Health Services - statistics & numerical data Medical personnel Medicine and Health Sciences Mental Competency Middle Aged Motivation Nutrition People and Places Performance enhancement Psychological Distance Public health Qualitative Research Research and Analysis Methods Role Salaries and Fringe Benefits Social aspects Social Sciences Work Performance Workers Working conditions Workloads Young Adult |
| title | Factors influencing the performance of community health workers: A qualitative study of Anganwadi Workers from Bihar, India |
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