Real-time drone derived thermal imagery outperforms traditional survey methods for an arboreal forest mammal
Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are cryptic and currently face regional extinction. The direct detection (physical sighting) of individuals is required to improve conservation management strategies. We provide a comparative assessment of three survey methods for the direct detection of koalas: syste...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2020-11, Vol.15 (11), p.e0242204-e0242204 |
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| creator | Witt, Ryan R Beranek, Chad T Howell, Lachlan G Ryan, Shelby A Clulow, John Jordan, Neil R Denholm, Bob Roff, Adam |
| description | Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are cryptic and currently face regional extinction. The direct detection (physical sighting) of individuals is required to improve conservation management strategies. We provide a comparative assessment of three survey methods for the direct detection of koalas: systematic spotlighting (Spotlight), remotely piloted aircraft system thermal imaging (RPAS), and the refined diurnal radial search component of the spot assessment technique (SAT). Each survey method was repeated on the same morning with independent observers (03:00-12:00 hrs) for a total of 10 survey occasions at sites with fixed boundaries (28-76 ha) in Port Stephens (n = 6) and Gilead (n = 1) in New South Wales between May and July 2019. Koalas were directly detected on 22 occasions during 7 of 10 comparative surveys (Spotlight: n = 7; RPAS: n = 14; and SAT: n = 1), for a total of 12 unique individuals (Spotlight: n = 4; RPAS: n = 11; SAT: n = 1). In 3 of 10 comparative surveys no koalas were detected. Detection probability was 38.9 ± 20.03% for Spotlight, 83.3 ± 11.39% for RPAS and 4.2 ± 4.17% for SAT. Effective detectability per site was 1 ± 0.44 koalas per 6.75 ± 1.03 hrs for Spotlight (1 koala per 6.75 hrs), 2 ± 0.38 koalas per 4.35 ± 0.28 hrs for RPAS (1 koala per 2.18 hrs) and 0.14 ± 0.14 per 6.20 ± 0.93 hrs for SAT (1 koala per 43.39 hrs). RPAS thermal imaging technology appears to offer an efficient method to directly survey koalas comparative to Spotlight and SAT and has potential as a valuable conservation tool to inform on-ground management of declining koala populations. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0242204 |
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The direct detection (physical sighting) of individuals is required to improve conservation management strategies. We provide a comparative assessment of three survey methods for the direct detection of koalas: systematic spotlighting (Spotlight), remotely piloted aircraft system thermal imaging (RPAS), and the refined diurnal radial search component of the spot assessment technique (SAT). Each survey method was repeated on the same morning with independent observers (03:00-12:00 hrs) for a total of 10 survey occasions at sites with fixed boundaries (28-76 ha) in Port Stephens (n = 6) and Gilead (n = 1) in New South Wales between May and July 2019. Koalas were directly detected on 22 occasions during 7 of 10 comparative surveys (Spotlight: n = 7; RPAS: n = 14; and SAT: n = 1), for a total of 12 unique individuals (Spotlight: n = 4; RPAS: n = 11; SAT: n = 1). In 3 of 10 comparative surveys no koalas were detected. Detection probability was 38.9 ± 20.03% for Spotlight, 83.3 ± 11.39% for RPAS and 4.2 ± 4.17% for SAT. Effective detectability per site was 1 ± 0.44 koalas per 6.75 ± 1.03 hrs for Spotlight (1 koala per 6.75 hrs), 2 ± 0.38 koalas per 4.35 ± 0.28 hrs for RPAS (1 koala per 2.18 hrs) and 0.14 ± 0.14 per 6.20 ± 0.93 hrs for SAT (1 koala per 43.39 hrs). RPAS thermal imaging technology appears to offer an efficient method to directly survey koalas comparative to Spotlight and SAT and has potential as a valuable conservation tool to inform on-ground management of declining koala populations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242204</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33196649</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Aerial surveys ; Aircraft ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Automation ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Comparative analysis ; Computer and Information Sciences ; Conservation ; Drones ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Endangered & extinct species ; Engineering and Technology ; Forests ; Heat detection ; Imaging systems ; Koalas ; Life sciences ; Methods ; Observations ; Phascolarctidae - physiology ; Phascolarctos cinereus ; Physical Sciences ; Population ; Population Density ; Protection and preservation ; Remotely piloted aircraft ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Species extinction ; Surveying ; Telemetry - methods ; Thermal imaging ; Unmanned aerial vehicles ; Vegetation ; Wildlife management ; Zoological research</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-11, Vol.15 (11), p.e0242204-e0242204</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2020 Witt et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The direct detection (physical sighting) of individuals is required to improve conservation management strategies. We provide a comparative assessment of three survey methods for the direct detection of koalas: systematic spotlighting (Spotlight), remotely piloted aircraft system thermal imaging (RPAS), and the refined diurnal radial search component of the spot assessment technique (SAT). Each survey method was repeated on the same morning with independent observers (03:00-12:00 hrs) for a total of 10 survey occasions at sites with fixed boundaries (28-76 ha) in Port Stephens (n = 6) and Gilead (n = 1) in New South Wales between May and July 2019. Koalas were directly detected on 22 occasions during 7 of 10 comparative surveys (Spotlight: n = 7; RPAS: n = 14; and SAT: n = 1), for a total of 12 unique individuals (Spotlight: n = 4; RPAS: n = 11; SAT: n = 1). In 3 of 10 comparative surveys no koalas were detected. Detection probability was 38.9 ± 20.03% for Spotlight, 83.3 ± 11.39% for RPAS and 4.2 ± 4.17% for SAT. Effective detectability per site was 1 ± 0.44 koalas per 6.75 ± 1.03 hrs for Spotlight (1 koala per 6.75 hrs), 2 ± 0.38 koalas per 4.35 ± 0.28 hrs for RPAS (1 koala per 2.18 hrs) and 0.14 ± 0.14 per 6.20 ± 0.93 hrs for SAT (1 koala per 43.39 hrs). RPAS thermal imaging technology appears to offer an efficient method to directly survey koalas comparative to Spotlight and SAT and has potential as a valuable conservation tool to inform on-ground management of declining koala populations.</description><subject>Aerial surveys</subject><subject>Aircraft</subject><subject>Algorithms</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Automation</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Comparative analysis</subject><subject>Computer and Information Sciences</subject><subject>Conservation</subject><subject>Drones</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Endangered & extinct species</subject><subject>Engineering and Technology</subject><subject>Forests</subject><subject>Heat detection</subject><subject>Imaging systems</subject><subject>Koalas</subject><subject>Life sciences</subject><subject>Methods</subject><subject>Observations</subject><subject>Phascolarctidae - physiology</subject><subject>Phascolarctos cinereus</subject><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Population Density</subject><subject>Protection and preservation</subject><subject>Remotely piloted aircraft</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Species extinction</subject><subject>Surveying</subject><subject>Telemetry - 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The direct detection (physical sighting) of individuals is required to improve conservation management strategies. We provide a comparative assessment of three survey methods for the direct detection of koalas: systematic spotlighting (Spotlight), remotely piloted aircraft system thermal imaging (RPAS), and the refined diurnal radial search component of the spot assessment technique (SAT). Each survey method was repeated on the same morning with independent observers (03:00-12:00 hrs) for a total of 10 survey occasions at sites with fixed boundaries (28-76 ha) in Port Stephens (n = 6) and Gilead (n = 1) in New South Wales between May and July 2019. Koalas were directly detected on 22 occasions during 7 of 10 comparative surveys (Spotlight: n = 7; RPAS: n = 14; and SAT: n = 1), for a total of 12 unique individuals (Spotlight: n = 4; RPAS: n = 11; SAT: n = 1). In 3 of 10 comparative surveys no koalas were detected. Detection probability was 38.9 ± 20.03% for Spotlight, 83.3 ± 11.39% for RPAS and 4.2 ± 4.17% for SAT. Effective detectability per site was 1 ± 0.44 koalas per 6.75 ± 1.03 hrs for Spotlight (1 koala per 6.75 hrs), 2 ± 0.38 koalas per 4.35 ± 0.28 hrs for RPAS (1 koala per 2.18 hrs) and 0.14 ± 0.14 per 6.20 ± 0.93 hrs for SAT (1 koala per 43.39 hrs). RPAS thermal imaging technology appears to offer an efficient method to directly survey koalas comparative to Spotlight and SAT and has potential as a valuable conservation tool to inform on-ground management of declining koala populations.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>33196649</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0242204</doi><tpages>e0242204</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0457-8251</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3696-6395</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry; Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| subjects | Aerial surveys Aircraft Algorithms Animals Automation Biology and Life Sciences Comparative analysis Computer and Information Sciences Conservation Drones Ecology and Environmental Sciences Endangered & extinct species Engineering and Technology Forests Heat detection Imaging systems Koalas Life sciences Methods Observations Phascolarctidae - physiology Phascolarctos cinereus Physical Sciences Population Population Density Protection and preservation Remotely piloted aircraft Research and Analysis Methods Species extinction Surveying Telemetry - methods Thermal imaging Unmanned aerial vehicles Vegetation Wildlife management Zoological research |
| title | Real-time drone derived thermal imagery outperforms traditional survey methods for an arboreal forest mammal |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-27T16%3A22%3A35IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Real-time%20drone%20derived%20thermal%20imagery%20outperforms%20traditional%20survey%20methods%20for%20an%20arboreal%20forest%20mammal&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Witt,%20Ryan%20R&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=e0242204&rft.epage=e0242204&rft.pages=e0242204-e0242204&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0242204&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA641970272%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2460992594&rft_id=info:pmid/33196649&rft_galeid=A641970272&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_c16614c9ca584bb5a93e46e5aedec661&rfr_iscdi=true |