Detection of Zika and dengue viruses in wild-caught mosquitoes collected during field surveillance in an environmental protection area in São Paulo, Brazil
Species of the genus Flavivirus are widespread in Brazil and are a major public health concern. The country's largest city, São Paulo, is in a highly urbanized area with a few forest fragments which are commonly used for recreation. These can be considered to present a potential risk of flavivi...
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| creator | Barrio-Nuevo, Karolina Morales Cunha, Mariana Sequetin Luchs, Adriana Fernandes, Aristides Rocco, Iray Maria Mucci, Luis Filipe de Souza, Renato Pereira Medeiros-Sousa, Antônio Ralph Ceretti-Junior, Walter Marrelli, Mauro Toledo |
| description | Species of the genus Flavivirus are widespread in Brazil and are a major public health concern. The country's largest city, São Paulo, is in a highly urbanized area with a few forest fragments which are commonly used for recreation. These can be considered to present a potential risk of flavivirus transmission to humans as they are home simultaneously to vertebrate hosts and mosquitoes that are potential flavivirus vectors. The aim of this study was to conduct flavivirus surveillance in field-collected mosquitoes in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area (EPA) and identify the flavivirus species by sequence analysis in flavivirus IFA-positive pools. Monthly mosquito collections were carried out from March 2016 to April 2017 with CO2-baited CDC light traps. Specimens were identified morphologically and grouped in pools of up to 10 individuals according to their taxonomic category. A total of 260 pools of non-engorged females were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture, and the cell suspensions were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) after the incubation period. IFA-positive pools were tested by qRT-PCR with genus-specific primers targeting the flavivirus NS5 gene to confirm IFA-positive results and sequenced to identify the species. Anopheles cruzii (19.5%) and Wyeomyia confusa (15.3%) were the most frequent vector species collected. IFA was positive for flaviviruses in 2.3% (6/260) of the sample pools. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR in five pools (83.3%). All five flavivirus-positive pools were successfully sequenced and the species identified. DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) was detected in Culex spp. and Culex vaxus pools, while ZIKV was identified in An. cruzii, Limatus durhamii and Wy. confusa pools. To the best of our knowledge, detection of flavivirus species of medical importance has never previously been reported in these species of wild-caught mosquitoes. The finding of DENV-2 and ZIKV circulating in wild mosquitoes suggests the existence of an enzootic cycle in the area. In-depth studies of DENV-2 and ZIKV, including investigation of mosquito infection, vector competence and infection in sylvatic hosts, are needed to shed light on the transmission dynamics of these important viruses and the potential risk of future outbreaks of DENV-2 and ZIKV infections in the region. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0227239 |
| format | Article |
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The country's largest city, São Paulo, is in a highly urbanized area with a few forest fragments which are commonly used for recreation. These can be considered to present a potential risk of flavivirus transmission to humans as they are home simultaneously to vertebrate hosts and mosquitoes that are potential flavivirus vectors. The aim of this study was to conduct flavivirus surveillance in field-collected mosquitoes in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area (EPA) and identify the flavivirus species by sequence analysis in flavivirus IFA-positive pools. Monthly mosquito collections were carried out from March 2016 to April 2017 with CO2-baited CDC light traps. Specimens were identified morphologically and grouped in pools of up to 10 individuals according to their taxonomic category. A total of 260 pools of non-engorged females were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture, and the cell suspensions were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) after the incubation period. IFA-positive pools were tested by qRT-PCR with genus-specific primers targeting the flavivirus NS5 gene to confirm IFA-positive results and sequenced to identify the species. Anopheles cruzii (19.5%) and Wyeomyia confusa (15.3%) were the most frequent vector species collected. IFA was positive for flaviviruses in 2.3% (6/260) of the sample pools. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR in five pools (83.3%). All five flavivirus-positive pools were successfully sequenced and the species identified. DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) was detected in Culex spp. and Culex vaxus pools, while ZIKV was identified in An. cruzii, Limatus durhamii and Wy. confusa pools. To the best of our knowledge, detection of flavivirus species of medical importance has never previously been reported in these species of wild-caught mosquitoes. The finding of DENV-2 and ZIKV circulating in wild mosquitoes suggests the existence of an enzootic cycle in the area. In-depth studies of DENV-2 and ZIKV, including investigation of mosquito infection, vector competence and infection in sylvatic hosts, are needed to shed light on the transmission dynamics of these important viruses and the potential risk of future outbreaks of DENV-2 and ZIKV infections in the region.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227239</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33064724</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Animals ; Anopheles - virology ; Aquatic insects ; Arthropods ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Brazil - epidemiology ; Carbon dioxide ; Cell culture ; Cell suspensions ; Culex ; Culex - virology ; Culicidae ; Dengue ; Dengue fever ; Dengue Virus - genetics ; Dengue Virus - isolation & purification ; Disease ; Ecology and Environmental Sciences ; Environmental protection ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Habitat fragmentation ; Immunofluorescence ; Infections ; Laboratories ; Light traps ; Medical importance ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Mosquito Vectors - virology ; Mosquitoes ; Penicillin ; People and places ; Pest outbreaks ; Pools ; Population Surveillance ; Private property ; Public health ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence analysis ; Species ; Surveillance ; Vector-borne diseases ; Vectors ; Vectors (Biology) ; Vertebrates ; Viral infections ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins - genetics ; Virology ; Viruses ; Wilderness ; Zika virus ; Zika Virus - genetics ; Zika Virus - isolation & purification</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-10, Vol.15 (10), p.e0227239</ispartof><rights>2020 Barrio-Nuevo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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The country's largest city, São Paulo, is in a highly urbanized area with a few forest fragments which are commonly used for recreation. These can be considered to present a potential risk of flavivirus transmission to humans as they are home simultaneously to vertebrate hosts and mosquitoes that are potential flavivirus vectors. The aim of this study was to conduct flavivirus surveillance in field-collected mosquitoes in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area (EPA) and identify the flavivirus species by sequence analysis in flavivirus IFA-positive pools. Monthly mosquito collections were carried out from March 2016 to April 2017 with CO2-baited CDC light traps. Specimens were identified morphologically and grouped in pools of up to 10 individuals according to their taxonomic category. A total of 260 pools of non-engorged females were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture, and the cell suspensions were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) after the incubation period. IFA-positive pools were tested by qRT-PCR with genus-specific primers targeting the flavivirus NS5 gene to confirm IFA-positive results and sequenced to identify the species. Anopheles cruzii (19.5%) and Wyeomyia confusa (15.3%) were the most frequent vector species collected. IFA was positive for flaviviruses in 2.3% (6/260) of the sample pools. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR in five pools (83.3%). All five flavivirus-positive pools were successfully sequenced and the species identified. DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) was detected in Culex spp. and Culex vaxus pools, while ZIKV was identified in An. cruzii, Limatus durhamii and Wy. confusa pools. To the best of our knowledge, detection of flavivirus species of medical importance has never previously been reported in these species of wild-caught mosquitoes. The finding of DENV-2 and ZIKV circulating in wild mosquitoes suggests the existence of an enzootic cycle in the area. In-depth studies of DENV-2 and ZIKV, including investigation of mosquito infection, vector competence and infection in sylvatic hosts, are needed to shed light on the transmission dynamics of these important viruses and the potential risk of future outbreaks of DENV-2 and ZIKV infections in the region.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anopheles - virology</subject><subject>Aquatic insects</subject><subject>Arthropods</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Brazil - epidemiology</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Cell suspensions</subject><subject>Culex</subject><subject>Culex - virology</subject><subject>Culicidae</subject><subject>Dengue</subject><subject>Dengue fever</subject><subject>Dengue Virus - genetics</subject><subject>Dengue Virus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Ecology and Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Habitat fragmentation</subject><subject>Immunofluorescence</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Light traps</subject><subject>Medical importance</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Mosquito Vectors - 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Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Barrio-Nuevo, Karolina Morales</au><au>Cunha, Mariana Sequetin</au><au>Luchs, Adriana</au><au>Fernandes, Aristides</au><au>Rocco, Iray Maria</au><au>Mucci, Luis Filipe</au><au>de Souza, Renato Pereira</au><au>Medeiros-Sousa, Antônio Ralph</au><au>Ceretti-Junior, Walter</au><au>Marrelli, Mauro Toledo</au><au>Lanz-Mendoza, Humberto</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Detection of Zika and dengue viruses in wild-caught mosquitoes collected during field surveillance in an environmental protection area in São Paulo, Brazil</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-10-16</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>e0227239</spage><pages>e0227239-</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Species of the genus Flavivirus are widespread in Brazil and are a major public health concern. The country's largest city, São Paulo, is in a highly urbanized area with a few forest fragments which are commonly used for recreation. These can be considered to present a potential risk of flavivirus transmission to humans as they are home simultaneously to vertebrate hosts and mosquitoes that are potential flavivirus vectors. The aim of this study was to conduct flavivirus surveillance in field-collected mosquitoes in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area (EPA) and identify the flavivirus species by sequence analysis in flavivirus IFA-positive pools. Monthly mosquito collections were carried out from March 2016 to April 2017 with CO2-baited CDC light traps. Specimens were identified morphologically and grouped in pools of up to 10 individuals according to their taxonomic category. A total of 260 pools of non-engorged females were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture, and the cell suspensions were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) after the incubation period. IFA-positive pools were tested by qRT-PCR with genus-specific primers targeting the flavivirus NS5 gene to confirm IFA-positive results and sequenced to identify the species. Anopheles cruzii (19.5%) and Wyeomyia confusa (15.3%) were the most frequent vector species collected. IFA was positive for flaviviruses in 2.3% (6/260) of the sample pools. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR in five pools (83.3%). All five flavivirus-positive pools were successfully sequenced and the species identified. DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) was detected in Culex spp. and Culex vaxus pools, while ZIKV was identified in An. cruzii, Limatus durhamii and Wy. confusa pools. To the best of our knowledge, detection of flavivirus species of medical importance has never previously been reported in these species of wild-caught mosquitoes. The finding of DENV-2 and ZIKV circulating in wild mosquitoes suggests the existence of an enzootic cycle in the area. In-depth studies of DENV-2 and ZIKV, including investigation of mosquito infection, vector competence and infection in sylvatic hosts, are needed to shed light on the transmission dynamics of these important viruses and the potential risk of future outbreaks of DENV-2 and ZIKV infections in the region.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>33064724</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0227239</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0312-8777</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1932-6203 |
| ispartof | PloS one, 2020-10, Vol.15 (10), p.e0227239 |
| issn | 1932-6203 1932-6203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2451533430 |
| source | MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Animals Anopheles - virology Aquatic insects Arthropods Biology and Life Sciences Brazil - epidemiology Carbon dioxide Cell culture Cell suspensions Culex Culex - virology Culicidae Dengue Dengue fever Dengue Virus - genetics Dengue Virus - isolation & purification Disease Ecology and Environmental Sciences Environmental protection Epidemics Epidemiology Female Habitat fragmentation Immunofluorescence Infections Laboratories Light traps Medical importance Medicine and Health Sciences Mosquito Vectors - virology Mosquitoes Penicillin People and places Pest outbreaks Pools Population Surveillance Private property Public health Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence analysis Species Surveillance Vector-borne diseases Vectors Vectors (Biology) Vertebrates Viral infections Viral Nonstructural Proteins - genetics Virology Viruses Wilderness Zika virus Zika Virus - genetics Zika Virus - isolation & purification |
| title | Detection of Zika and dengue viruses in wild-caught mosquitoes collected during field surveillance in an environmental protection area in São Paulo, Brazil |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-22T11%3A46%3A35IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Detection%20of%20Zika%20and%20dengue%20viruses%20in%20wild-caught%20mosquitoes%20collected%20during%20field%20surveillance%20in%20an%20environmental%20protection%20area%20in%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo,%20Brazil&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Barrio-Nuevo,%20Karolina%20Morales&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.spage=e0227239&rft.pages=e0227239-&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0227239&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_plos_%3E2451856572%3C/proquest_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2451533430&rft_id=info:pmid/33064724&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_f189b28dbb044def86956e0a332d1eb4&rfr_iscdi=true |