Smoking mediates the relationship between SES and brain volume: The CARDIA study
Investigate whether socioeconomic status (SES) was related to brain volume in aging related regions, and if so, determine whether this relationship was mediated by lifestyle factors that are known to associate with risk of dementia in a population-based sample of community dwelling middle-aged adult...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | PloS one 2020-09, Vol.15 (9), p.e0239548-e0239548 |
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| creator | Dougherty, Ryan J Moonen, Justine Yaffe, Kristine Sidney, Stephen Davatzikos, Christos Habes, Mohamad Launer, Lenore J |
| description | Investigate whether socioeconomic status (SES) was related to brain volume in aging related regions, and if so, determine whether this relationship was mediated by lifestyle factors that are known to associate with risk of dementia in a population-based sample of community dwelling middle-aged adults.
We studied 645 (41% black) participants (mean age 55.3±3.5) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. SES was operationalized as a composite measure of annual income and years of education. Gray matter volume was estimated within the insular cortex, thalamus, cingulate, frontal, inferior parietal, and lateral temporal cortex. These regions are vulnerable to age-related atrophy captured by the Spatial Pattern of Atrophy for Recognition of Brain Aging (SPARE-BA) index. Lifestyle factors of interest included physical activity, cognitive activity (e.g. book/newspaper reading), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and diet. Multivariable linear regressions tested the association between SES and brain volume. Sobel mediation analyses determined if this association was mediated by lifestyle factors. All models were age, sex, and race adjusted.
Higher SES was positively associated with brain volume (β = .109 SE = .039; p < .01) and smoking status significantly mediated this relationship (z = 2.57). With respect to brain volume, smoking accounted for 27% of the variance (β = -.179 SE = .065; p < .01) that was previously attributed to SES.
Targeting smoking cessation could be an efficacious means to reduce the health disparity of low SES on brain volume and may decrease vulnerability for dementia. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0239548 |
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We studied 645 (41% black) participants (mean age 55.3±3.5) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. SES was operationalized as a composite measure of annual income and years of education. Gray matter volume was estimated within the insular cortex, thalamus, cingulate, frontal, inferior parietal, and lateral temporal cortex. These regions are vulnerable to age-related atrophy captured by the Spatial Pattern of Atrophy for Recognition of Brain Aging (SPARE-BA) index. Lifestyle factors of interest included physical activity, cognitive activity (e.g. book/newspaper reading), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and diet. Multivariable linear regressions tested the association between SES and brain volume. Sobel mediation analyses determined if this association was mediated by lifestyle factors. All models were age, sex, and race adjusted.
Higher SES was positively associated with brain volume (β = .109 SE = .039; p < .01) and smoking status significantly mediated this relationship (z = 2.57). With respect to brain volume, smoking accounted for 27% of the variance (β = -.179 SE = .065; p < .01) that was previously attributed to SES.
Targeting smoking cessation could be an efficacious means to reduce the health disparity of low SES on brain volume and may decrease vulnerability for dementia.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239548</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32956388</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Adults ; African Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data ; Age ; Aging ; Alcohol ; Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology ; Atrophy ; Biology and Life Sciences ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Brain ; Brain - anatomy & histology ; Brain - pathology ; Brain research ; Cigarette smoking ; Cognition ; Cognitive ability ; Coronary artery ; Cortex (cingulate) ; Cortex (frontal) ; Cortex (insular) ; Cortex (parietal) ; Cortex (temporal) ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dementia ; Dementia disorders ; Demographic aspects ; Diet ; Drug addiction ; Economic aspects ; Education ; European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data ; Exercise ; Female ; Health aspects ; Health risks ; Humans ; Leisure Activities ; Life Style ; Lifestyles ; Linear Models ; Magnetic resonance ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Male ; Medical imaging ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; Middle Aged ; Middle aged persons ; Neuroimaging ; Organ Size ; Physical activity ; Questionnaires ; Regression analysis ; Research and Analysis Methods ; Risk factors ; Scanners ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Socioeconomic factors ; Socioeconomics ; Substantia grisea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Temporal lobe ; Thalamus ; Young adults</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2020-09, Vol.15 (9), p.e0239548-e0239548</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-4ec1f43d18408f0c9a942cdc9882d904ac4eb99d1ff04aa7f6d24bfebb4408413</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c758t-4ec1f43d18408f0c9a942cdc9882d904ac4eb99d1ff04aa7f6d24bfebb4408413</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8640-9549</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7505457/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7505457/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2096,2915,23845,27901,27902,53766,53768,79342,79343</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32956388$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dougherty, Ryan J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moonen, Justine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaffe, Kristine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sidney, Stephen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Davatzikos, Christos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Habes, Mohamad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Launer, Lenore J</creatorcontrib><title>Smoking mediates the relationship between SES and brain volume: The CARDIA study</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Investigate whether socioeconomic status (SES) was related to brain volume in aging related regions, and if so, determine whether this relationship was mediated by lifestyle factors that are known to associate with risk of dementia in a population-based sample of community dwelling middle-aged adults.
We studied 645 (41% black) participants (mean age 55.3±3.5) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. SES was operationalized as a composite measure of annual income and years of education. Gray matter volume was estimated within the insular cortex, thalamus, cingulate, frontal, inferior parietal, and lateral temporal cortex. These regions are vulnerable to age-related atrophy captured by the Spatial Pattern of Atrophy for Recognition of Brain Aging (SPARE-BA) index. Lifestyle factors of interest included physical activity, cognitive activity (e.g. book/newspaper reading), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and diet. Multivariable linear regressions tested the association between SES and brain volume. Sobel mediation analyses determined if this association was mediated by lifestyle factors. All models were age, sex, and race adjusted.
Higher SES was positively associated with brain volume (β = .109 SE = .039; p < .01) and smoking status significantly mediated this relationship (z = 2.57). With respect to brain volume, smoking accounted for 27% of the variance (β = -.179 SE = .065; p < .01) that was previously attributed to SES.
Targeting smoking cessation could be an efficacious means to reduce the health disparity of low SES on brain volume and may decrease vulnerability for dementia.</description><subject>Adults</subject><subject>African Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Alcohol</subject><subject>Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology</subject><subject>Atrophy</subject><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Blood Pressure</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Brain - pathology</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Cigarette smoking</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Coronary artery</subject><subject>Cortex (cingulate)</subject><subject>Cortex (frontal)</subject><subject>Cortex (insular)</subject><subject>Cortex (parietal)</subject><subject>Cortex (temporal)</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Dementia</subject><subject>Dementia disorders</subject><subject>Demographic aspects</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Drug addiction</subject><subject>Economic aspects</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Leisure Activities</subject><subject>Life Style</subject><subject>Lifestyles</subject><subject>Linear Models</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance</subject><subject>Magnetic resonance imaging</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Middle aged persons</subject><subject>Neuroimaging</subject><subject>Organ Size</subject><subject>Physical activity</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Scanners</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Social Class</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomics</subject><subject>Substantia grisea</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Temporal lobe</subject><subject>Thalamus</subject><subject>Young 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J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Smoking mediates the relationship between SES and brain volume: The CARDIA study</atitle><jtitle>PloS one</jtitle><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><date>2020-09-21</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>15</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>e0239548</spage><epage>e0239548</epage><pages>e0239548-e0239548</pages><issn>1932-6203</issn><eissn>1932-6203</eissn><abstract>Investigate whether socioeconomic status (SES) was related to brain volume in aging related regions, and if so, determine whether this relationship was mediated by lifestyle factors that are known to associate with risk of dementia in a population-based sample of community dwelling middle-aged adults.
We studied 645 (41% black) participants (mean age 55.3±3.5) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. SES was operationalized as a composite measure of annual income and years of education. Gray matter volume was estimated within the insular cortex, thalamus, cingulate, frontal, inferior parietal, and lateral temporal cortex. These regions are vulnerable to age-related atrophy captured by the Spatial Pattern of Atrophy for Recognition of Brain Aging (SPARE-BA) index. Lifestyle factors of interest included physical activity, cognitive activity (e.g. book/newspaper reading), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and diet. Multivariable linear regressions tested the association between SES and brain volume. Sobel mediation analyses determined if this association was mediated by lifestyle factors. All models were age, sex, and race adjusted.
Higher SES was positively associated with brain volume (β = .109 SE = .039; p < .01) and smoking status significantly mediated this relationship (z = 2.57). With respect to brain volume, smoking accounted for 27% of the variance (β = -.179 SE = .065; p < .01) that was previously attributed to SES.
Targeting smoking cessation could be an efficacious means to reduce the health disparity of low SES on brain volume and may decrease vulnerability for dementia.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>32956388</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0239548</doi><tpages>e0239548</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-9549</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| recordid | cdi_plos_journals_2444594081 |
| source | Public Library of Science (PLoS) Journals Open Access; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | Adults African Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data Age Aging Alcohol Alcohol Drinking - epidemiology Atrophy Biology and Life Sciences Blood Pressure Body Mass Index Brain Brain - anatomy & histology Brain - pathology Brain research Cigarette smoking Cognition Cognitive ability Coronary artery Cortex (cingulate) Cortex (frontal) Cortex (insular) Cortex (parietal) Cortex (temporal) Cross-Sectional Studies Dementia Dementia disorders Demographic aspects Diet Drug addiction Economic aspects Education European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data Exercise Female Health aspects Health risks Humans Leisure Activities Life Style Lifestyles Linear Models Magnetic resonance Magnetic resonance imaging Male Medical imaging Medicine and Health Sciences Middle Aged Middle aged persons Neuroimaging Organ Size Physical activity Questionnaires Regression analysis Research and Analysis Methods Risk factors Scanners Smoking Social Class Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomics Substantia grisea Surveys and Questionnaires Temporal lobe Thalamus Young adults |
| title | Smoking mediates the relationship between SES and brain volume: The CARDIA study |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-07T09%3A23%3A55IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_plos_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smoking%20mediates%20the%20relationship%20between%20SES%20and%20brain%20volume:%20The%20CARDIA%20study&rft.jtitle=PloS%20one&rft.au=Dougherty,%20Ryan%20J&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.spage=e0239548&rft.epage=e0239548&rft.pages=e0239548-e0239548&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.eissn=1932-6203&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0239548&rft_dat=%3Cgale_plos_%3EA636106549%3C/gale_plos_%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2444594081&rft_id=info:pmid/32956388&rft_galeid=A636106549&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_a42a6812d70046d0a88af1f97b247a01&rfr_iscdi=true |